"// this should be necessary, I know of apparatus for use at sea for attack and 

 for defense." — Leonardo da vinci 



Chapter VII 



STRENGTHENING MILITARY PROGRAMS 

 FOR NATIONAL SECURITY 



Since the strength of our Nation springs from many sources — economic, 

 social, and scientific, as well as military — nearly every element of the ma- 

 rine science program supports national security. This chapter is concerned 

 with programs unique to the needs of the Department of Defense. All mili- 

 tary marine science programs are designed primarily to provide ocean- 

 related scientific knowledge and engineering technology upon which to base 

 policies, decisions, development, and operations for military security. Mili- 

 tary efforts which make substantial contributions to other national needs and 

 goals, and which must be described with them to give a coherent picture 

 of applicable Federal effort, are set forth as an integral part of other chapters 

 of this report. 



Within the Department of Defense, the Navy has the primary responsi- 

 bility to provide the sea-based forces to defend the United States. The sea- 

 based forces provide a capability for : 



— stategic deterrence by deployment of Polaris submarines; 



— anti-submarine operations if freedom of the seas is threatened from 

 below; 



— support of amphibious operations, mine warfare, and limited 

 ground action ; 



— surveillance of the oceans to detect and track potentially aggressive 

 forces ; 



— operations to conduct and protect essential shipping. 



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