"In our research-oriented, innovative society we have an unprecedented 

 opportunity to encourage all our citizens to be creative, each in his own way. 

 Science and technology can hasten the achievement of this goal if we deploy 

 and use our creative talent wisely." — committee on utilization of scien- 

 tific AND engineering MANPOWER OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 



Chapter XI 



MANPOWER: EDUCATION, 

 TRAINING, AND FACILITIES 



Skilled manpower is essential for a nation to advance in science and tech- 

 nology. 



Availability of manpower^ — in terms of quality as much as quantity — be- 

 comes all the more critical in the field of marine sciences and technology 

 because at this stage of development, it is skill-oriented rather than capital- 

 oriented. Except in the military and petroleum areas, technological develop- 

 ments have not yet occurred that warrant large investments for production 

 and operations. Compared with many other fields, there is a higher con- 

 centration of activity in research than development. New achievements are 

 paced in large measure by individual talents. 



In recent years, the Federal Government has assumed a major responsi- 

 bility — as a matter of national policy — for the support of training and 

 education through a wide range of fellowships, training grants, research and 

 institutional programs. This Federal policy ha„ significantly strengthened 

 the marine sciences. 



Graduate enrollments and the number of degrees granted annually in 

 the field of oceanography have increased substantially during recent years 

 as suggested by Table XI. 1, a gratifying product of investments in ocean- 

 ography that began to increase in the early 1960's. Support for education 

 of marine science technicians and ocean engineers, however, has appeared 

 to lag behind corresponding support for other fields. The importance of 



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