niques of channel and harbor construction and maintenance, physics and 

 chemistry of frozen ground and construction on permafrost and in offshore 

 ice-bound coasts. Consideration was given to the use of ice as a construction 

 material. In addition, the Corps provided technical advice during the 

 Manhattan's transit of the Northwest Passage. 



The Coast and Geodetic Survey carried out coastal surveys of Alaska, 

 including Norton Sound and Cook Inlet, and acquired information needed 

 for development of a marine terminal at Anchorage; several standard 

 nautical charts, bathymetric maps with geophysical overlays were also pub- 

 lished for the Norton Sound area. In addition, a marine forecast center was 

 established by ESSA at Anchorage to provide daily forecasts on weather, 

 waves, temperature, visibility, and ice conditions. 



The Navy continued its Project Birdseye long-range ice observation and 

 study program, covering much of the Arctic Basin at monthly intervals. Ice 

 observations and forecasts were provided for several users, including the 

 Manhattan's transit, as well as for military Arctic resupply operations. Ice 

 Island T-3, a passively drifting platform, carrying a multidisciplinary group 

 of scientists, funded through Navy programs, provided much new knowl- 

 edge of geophysical, oceanographic, cryological, and meteorological en- 

 vironmental relationships of the Arctic Basin. The Naval Arctic Research 

 Laboratory staff and associated scientists provided advice, guidance, and 

 services to Government and private industry in numerous problems related 

 to production and transportation of oil on the North Slope of Alaska. The 

 Navy conducted submarine under-ice operations in which Navy scientists 

 participated. 



A major investigation of western Greenland glaciers and oceanographic 

 conditions was conducted by the Coast Guard to determine if the iceberg 

 productivity patterns of Greenland glaciers have changed markedly. Testing 

 of several techniques for improved sea ice observing and forecasting included 

 Navy's use of ruby lasers to obtain detailed sea ice profiles, as well as esti- 

 mates of roughness and surface reflectivity, and the Coast Guard's use of a 

 side-looking airborne radar for iceberg and pack ice observations, which 

 provided direct support to the Manhattan. 



Other Arctic programs involved — 



(1) Geophysical experiments including bottom-mounted seismom- 

 etry carried out by the Advanced Research Projects Agency ( ARPA) of 

 the Department of Defense in the Aleutian Island area, leading to a 

 more thorough understanding of the geology and geophysical structures 

 of this island and trench complex ; 



(2) Development by ARPA of an Arctic surface effects vehicle as 

 a principal goal, looking both toward military and commercial needs; 



(3) Development by Navy laboratory and university contract scien- 

 tists of a design for a large scale experiment on sea ice dynamics — 

 Project AIDJEX. ASW hydroacoustic and thermal microstructure 

 experiments are being developed as goals to be completed during the 

 spring of 1970 from two manned and one instrumented, unmanned 

 ice floe stations in the Arctic Ocean ; 



148 



