22 - cosmos. 



tro-magnetic, and organic processes. Newton* even distin- 

 guished the attraction of inasses, as manifested in the mo- 

 tion of cosmical bodies and in the phenomena of the tides, 

 from molecular attraction, which acts at infinitely small 

 distances and in the closest contact. 



Thus we see that among the various attempts which have 

 been made to refer whatever is unstable in the sensuous 

 world to a single fundamental principle, the theory of grav- 

 itation is the most comprehensive and the richest in cosmic- 

 al results. It is indeed true, that notwithstanding the brill- 

 iant progress that has' been made in recent times in stoechi- 

 ometry (the art of calculating with chemical elements and 

 in the relations of volume of mixed gases), all the physical 

 theories of matter have not yet been referred to mathemftic- 

 ally-determinable principles of explanation. Empirical laws 

 have been recognized, and by means of the extensively-dif- 

 fused views of the atomic or corpuscular philosophy, many 

 points have been rendered more accessible to mathematical 

 investigation : but, owing to the unbounded heterogeneous- 

 ness of matter and the manifold conditions of aggregation of 

 particles, the proofs of these empirical laws can not as yet 

 by any means be developed from the theory of contact-at- 

 . traction with that certainty which characterizes the estab- 

 lishment of Kepler's three great empirical laws derived from 

 the theory of the attraction of masses or gravitation. 



At the time, however, that Newton recognized all move- 

 ments of the cosmical bodies to be the results of one and the 

 same force, he did not, like Kant, regard gravitation as an 

 essential property of bodies,! but considered it either as the 



* Adjicere jam licet de spiritu quodam Bubtilissimo corpora crassa 

 pervadente et in iisdem latente, cnjus vi et actionibus particular corpo- 

 rum ad rninimas distanlias se mutuo altrahunt et contiguse facta cohe- 

 rent. Newton, Principia Phil. Nat. (ed. Le Sueur et Jacquier, 1760), 

 Schol. gen., t. iii., p. 676; compare also Newton's Optics (ed. 1718), 

 Query 31, p. 305, 353, 367, 372. (Laplace, Syst. du Monde, p. 384, and 

 Cosmos, vol. i., p. 63 (note).) 



+ Hactenus phenomena ccelorum et maris nostri per vim gravitatis 

 exposui, sed causam gravitatis nondum assignavi. Oritur utique Inec 

 vis a causa aliqua, qua j peuetrat ad usque centra solis et planetarum, 

 sine virtutis diminutione ; quaeque agit non pro quantitate superficierum 

 particularuni, in quas agit (ut solent causre mechanica?), sed pro quanti- 

 tate materia? solida?. Rationem harum gravitatis proprietatum ex pha> 

 uomenis nondum potui deducere et hypotheses non fingo. Satis est 

 quod gravitas revera existat et agat secundujn leges a nobis expositas. 

 Newton, Principia Phil. Nat., p. 676. " To tell us that every spe- 

 cies of things is endowed with an occult specific quality, by which it 

 acts and produces manifest effects, is to tell us nothing; but to derive 



