200 COSMOS. 



ion, universally diffused up to the sixteenth century, as to the 

 meteoric origin of the comets, has long done. While these 

 bodies were considered by the astrological corporation of 

 "Chaldeans in Babylon," by the greater part of the Pythago- 

 rean school, and by Apollonius Myndius, as cosmical bodies 

 reappearing at definite periods in long planetary orbits, the 

 powerful anti-Pythagorean school of Aristotle and that of 

 Epigenes, controverted by Seneca, declared the comets to be 

 productions of meteorological processes in our atmosphere.* 



* There were divisions of opinion at Babylon in the learned Chaldean 

 school of astrologers, as well as among the Pythagoreans, and, properly 

 speaking, among all ancient schools. Seneca (Nat. Qu<s.,vii., 3) quotes 

 the antagonistic evidence of Apollonius Myndius and Epigenes. The 

 latter is seldom mentioned, yet Plinius (vii., 57) represents him as. 

 "gravis auctor in primis," as does also, without praise, Censorius, De 

 die Natali, cap. xvii., and Stob., Eel. Phys., i., 29, p. 586, ed. Heeren. 

 (Compare Lobeck, Aglaoph., xi.) Diodovus (xv., 50) believes tbat the 

 universal and prevailing opinion among the Babylonian astrologers 

 (the Chaldeans) was,, that the comets reappeared at definite times in 

 their certain orbits. The division which prevailed between the Pytha- 

 goreans as to the planetary nature of the comets, and which is mentioned 

 by Aristotle (Msteorol., lib. i., cap. vu, 1) and Pseudo-Plutarch (De P/ac. 

 Pkilos.,\ib.w., cap. ii.), extended, according to the former (Meteorol., 

 i., 8, 2), also to the nature of the Milky Way, the forsaken course of 

 the Sun, or of the overthrown Phaeton. (Compare also Letronne, in 

 the M6m. de VAcad. des Inscriptions, 1839, torn, xii., p. 108.) By some 

 of the Pythagoreans the opinion of Aristotle was advanced, " that the 

 comets belonged to the number of those planets which, like Mercury,, 

 only became visible after a long time when rising in the course above 

 the horizon." In the extremely fragmentary Pseudo-Plutarch it is said 

 that they "ascend at definite times after a complete revolution." A 

 great deal of matter, contained in separate works, referring to the na- 

 ture of the comets, has been lost to us that of Arrian r which Stobseus. 

 employed; of Charimander, whose mere name 1ms been retained only 

 by Seneca and Pappus. Stobrcus brings forward, as the opinion of the 

 Chaldeans (Eclog., lib. i., cap! xxv., p. 61, Christ. Planfinns}, that the 

 reason the comets remain so seldom visible to us is because they hide 

 themselves in the depths of the ether (of space), like the fish in the 

 depths of the ocean. The most graceful, and, in spite of its rhetorical 

 coloring, the best founded opinion of antiquity, and the one correspond- 

 ing most closely with present views, is that of Seneca. In the Nat. 

 Quasi., lib. vii., cap. xxii., xxv., and xxxi., we read, " Non enim existi- 

 mo cometem subitaneum ignem sed inter aeterna opera naturae. Quid 

 enim miramur, cometas. tarn rarum mundi spectaculum,nonduin teueri 

 legibus certis? nee iuitia illorum finesque patescere, quorum ex ingen- 

 tibus intervallis recursus est? Noudum sunt anni quingeuti, ex quo 

 GrjBcia .... stellis numeros et uomiua fecit. Multseque hodie sunt 

 gentes, qtiae tantum facie noverit coelum ; qua? nondum sciant, cur Luna 

 deficiat, quare obumbretur. Hoc apud nos quoque nnper ratio ad cer- 

 tura perduxit. Veniet tern pus, quo ista, quae nunc latent, in lucem dies 

 extrahat et longioris a3vi diligentia. Veniet tempus, quo poster! nostri 

 tarn aperta nos qpcisse mireutur. Eleusis servat, quod ostendat revi- 



