/NFLUENCE OP THE MACEDONIAN CAMPAIGNS. 161 



106th, or, at the latest, in the lllth Olympiad, and, there- 

 fore, either fourteen years before Aristotle came to the court 

 of Philip, or, at the furthest, three years before the passage 

 across the Granicus. It must, however, be admitted, that 

 some few facts may be advanced as evidence against this as 

 sumption of an early completion of the nine books of Aristo- 

 tle's History of Animals. Among these must be reckoned the 

 accurate knowledge possessed by Aristotle of the elephant, the 

 bearded horse-stag (hippelaphus), the Bactrian two-humped 

 camel, the hippardion, supposed to be the hunting-tiger (gue- 

 pard), and the Indian buffalo, which does not appear to have 

 been introduced into Europe before the time of the Crusades. 

 But here it must be remarked that the native place of this 

 large and singular stag, having a horse's mane, which Diard 

 and Duvancel sent from Eastern India to Cuvier, who gave 

 to it the name of Cervus Aristotelis, is, according to Aristo- 

 tle's own account, not the Indian Pentapotamia traversed by 

 Alexander, but Arachosia, west of Candahar, which, together 

 with Gedrosia, constituted one satrapy of ancient Persia.* 



(under the Arclion Asteus, Olymp. 101, 4 ; Aristot., Meteor., lib. i., cap. 

 6, 10; vol. i., p. 395, Ideler ; and which is probably identical with the 

 comets of 1695 and 1843 ?) ; and, lastly, the mention of the destruction 

 of the temple at Ephesus, as well as of a lunar rainbow, seen on two 

 occasions in the course of fifty years. (Compare Schneider, ad Aristot., 

 Hist, de Animalibus, vol. i., p. xl., xlii., ciii., and cxx. ; Ideler, ad Aris- 

 tot. Meteor., vol. i., p. x. ; and Humboldt, Asie Cent., t. ii., p. 168.) We 

 know that the Hisloria Artimalium " was written later than the Meteor- 

 ologica" from the fact that allusion is made in the last-named work 

 to the former as to a work about to follow (Meteor., i., I, 3, and iv., 

 12, 13). 



* The five animals named in the text, and especially the hippelaphus 

 (horse-stag with a long mane), the hippardion, the Bactrian camel, and 

 the buffalo, are instanced by Cuvier as proofs of the later composition 

 of Aristotle's Historia Animalium (Hist, des Sciencet Nat., t. i., p. 154). 

 Cuvier, in the fourth volume of his admirable Recherchcs sur les Osse- 

 mens Fossiles, 1823, p. 40-43 and 502, distinguishes between two Asiatic 

 stags with manes, which he calls Cervus hippelaphus and Cervus Aris- 

 totelis. He originally regarded the first-named, of which he had seen 

 a living specimen in London, and of which Diard had sent him skins 

 and antlers from Sumatra^ as Aristotle's hippelaphus from Arachosia 

 (Hist, de Animal.,\\., 2, 3, and 4, t. i., p. 43, 44, Schneider); but he 

 afterward thought that a stag's head, sent to him from Bengal by Du- 

 vaucel, agreed still better, according to the drawing of the entire large 

 animal, with the Stagirite's description of the hippelaphus. This stag, 

 which is indigenous in the mountains of Sylhet in Bengal, in Nepaul, 

 and in the country east of the Indus, next received the name of Cervuj 

 Aristotelis. If, in the same chapter in which Aristotle speaks generally 

 of animals with manes, the horse-stag (Equicervus), and the Indiar 

 guepard, or hunting tiger (Felis jubata), are both understood, Schneide. 



