INFLUENCE OF THE MACEDONIA^ CAMPAIGNS. 167 



plicius maintains, in accordance with the advice of Aristotle) 

 to send to Greece observations of the stars for a very long pe- 

 riod (Porphyrius says for 1903 years) before Alexander's en- 

 trance into Babylon, Ol. 112, 2. The earliest Chaldean ob- 

 servations mentioned by Almagest (probably the oldest which 

 Ptolemy found available for his object) only go back 721 years 

 before our era, that is to say, to the first Messenian war. It 

 is certain " that the Chaldeans knew the mean motions of the 

 moon with ari exactness which induced the Greek astronomers 

 to employ their calculations for the foundation of a lunar the- 

 ory."* The planetary observations to which they were led 

 by their ancient love of astrology appear also to have been 

 used for the true construction of astronomical tables. 



The present is not the place to decide how much of the 

 Pythagorean views regarding the true structure of the heavens, 

 the course of the planets, and of the comets which, according 

 to Apollonius Myndius, return in long regulated orbits,t may 

 be due to the Chaldeans. Strabo calls the mathematician 

 Seleucus a Babylonian, and distinguished him in this manncr| 

 from the Erythraean, who measured the tides of the sea. It 

 is sufficient to remark that the Greek zodiac was most prob- 

 ably taken from " the Dodecatemoria of the Chaldeans, and 

 that, according to Letronrie's important investigations, it does 



739). In this passage four Chaldean mathematicians are indicated by 

 name, in conjunction with the Chaldean astronomers. This circum- 

 stance is so much the more important in an historical point of view, 

 because Ptolemy always mentions the observers of the heavenly bodies 

 under the collective name of XaMaloi, as if the observations at Babylon 

 were only made collectively in collegiate bodies (Ideler, Handbuch der 

 Chronologic, bd. i., 1825, s. 198). 



* Ideler, op. cit., bd. i., s. 202, 206, und 218. When a doubt is ad- 

 vanced regarding the astronomical observations said to have been sent 

 by Callisthenes from Babylon to Greece, on the grouud that there is no 

 trace of these observations of a Chaldean priestly caste to be found in 

 the writings of Aristotle (Delambre, Hist, de I' Astronomic Ancienne, t. i., 

 p. 308), it is forgotten that Aristotle, in speaking (De Casio, lib. ii., cap. 

 12) ol an occnltation of Mars by the Moon, observed by himself, ex- 

 pressly adds, that " similar observations had been made for many years 

 on the other planets by the Egyptians and the Babylonians, many of 

 which have come to our knowledge." On the probable use of astro- 

 nomical tables by the Chaldeans, see Chasles, in the Comptes Rendus de 

 V Ar.adtmie des Sciences, t. xxiii., 1846, p. 852-854. 



t Seneca, Nat. Qu&st., vii., 17. 



f Compare Strabo, lib. xvi., p. 739, with lib. iii.. p. 174. 



These investigations were made in the year 1824 (see Guigniaut, 

 Religions de V Antiquiti, overage traduil de V 'Allemand de F. Creuzer, 

 t. i., Part ii., p. 928). See a more recent notice by Letronne, in the 

 Journal des Savons, 1839, p. 338 and 492, as well as the Analyse Cri- 



