VOLCANOES. 



The greater part of the ascending vapor is mere steam. 

 When condensed, this forms springs, as in Fantellaria,* where 

 they are used by the goatherds of the island. On the morn- 

 ing of the 26th of October, 1822, a current was seen to flow 

 from a lateral fissure of the crater of Vesuvius, and was long 

 supposed to have been boiling water ; it was, however, shown, 

 by Monticelli's accurate investigations, to consist of dry ashes, 

 which fell like sand, and of lava pulverized by friction. The 

 ashes, which sometimes darken the air for hours and days to- 

 gether, and produce great injury to the vineyards and olive 

 groves by adhering to the leaves, indicate by their columnar 

 ascent, impelled by vapors, the termination of every great 

 earthquake. This is the magnificent phenomenon which 

 Pliny the younger, in his celebrated letter to Cornelius Tacitus, 

 compares, in the case of Vesuvius, to the form of a lofty and 

 thickly-branched and foliaceous pine. That which is de- 

 scribed as flames in the eruption of scoria?, and the radiance 

 of the glowing red clouds that hover over the crater, can not 

 be ascribed to the effect of hydrogen gas in a state of combus- 

 tion. They are rather reflections of light which issue from 

 molten masses, projected high in the air, and also reflections 

 from the burning depths, whence the glowing vapors ascend. 

 We will not, however, attempt to decide the nature of the 

 flames, which are occasionally seen now, as in the time of 

 Strabo, to rise from the deep sea during the activity of littoral 

 vok'uuotis, or shortly before the elevation of a volcanic island. 



When the questions are asked, what is it that burns in the 

 volcano ? what excites the heat, fuses together earths and 

 metals, and imparts to iava currents of thick layers a degree 

 of heat that lasts for many years ?f it is necessarily implied 

 that volcanoes must be connected with the existence of sub- 

 stances capable of maintaining combustion, like the beds of 

 coal in subterranean fires. According to the different phases 

 of chemical science, bitumen, pyrites, the moist admixture of 

 finely-pulverized sulphur and iron, pyrophoric substances, and 

 the metals of the alkalies and earths, have in turn been desig- 

 nated as the cause of intensely active volcanic phenomena. 

 The great chemist, Sir Humphrey Davy, to whom we are in- 

 debted for tbc knowledge of the most combustible metallic 



* [Steam issues from many parts of this insular mountain, and sev- 

 eral hot springs gush forth from it, which form together a lake 6000 feet 

 in circumference. Daubeney, op. cit.] TV. 



t See the beautiful experiments on the coolijg of masses of rock iu 

 Biscbofs IVdrmrlehrc, s. 384, 443, 500-512. 



