46 THE DESCENT OF MAN. 



the canines project largely ; and in the Naulette jaw they 

 are spoken of as enormous.* 



Of the anthropomorphous apes the males alone have their 

 canines fully developed ; but in the female gorilla, and in 

 a less degree in the female orang, these teeth project con- 

 siderably beyond the others ; therefore the fact, of which I 

 have been assured, that women sometimes have considerably 

 projecting canines, is no serious objection to the belief that 

 their occasional great development in man is a case of re- 

 version to an ape-like progenitor. He who rejects with 

 scorn the belief that the shape of his own canines, and their 

 occasional great development in other men, are due to our 

 early forefathers having been provided with these formidable 

 weapons, will probably reveal, by sneering, the line of his 

 descent. For though he no longer intends, nor has the 

 power, to use these teeth as weapons, he will unconsciously 

 retract his " snarling muscles " (thus named by Sir 0. Bell),t 

 so as to expose them ready for action, like a dog prepared 

 to fight. 



Many muscles are occasionally developed in man, which 

 are proper to the Quadrumana or other mammals. Prof. 

 Vlacovich]; examined forty male subjects, and found a mus- 

 cle, called by him the ischio-pubic, in nineteen of them; in 

 three others there was a ligament which represented this 

 muscle; and in the remaining eighteen no trace of it. In 

 only two out of tliirty female subjects was this muscle de- 

 veloped on both sides, but in three others the rudimentary 

 ligament was present. This muscle, therefore, appears to 

 be much more common in the male than in the female sex; 

 and on the belief in the descent of man from some lower 

 form, the fact is intelligible; for it has been detected in 

 several of the lower animals, and in all of these it serves 

 exclusively to aid the male in the act of reproduction. 



Mr. J. Wood, in his valuable series of papers, has mi- 



*C. Carter Blake, on a jaw from La Naulette, " Anthropolog. 

 Review," 1867, p. 295. Schaaffhausen, ibid., 1868, p. 426. 



f "The Anatomy of Expression," 1844, pp. 110, 131. 



I Quoted by Prof. Canestrini in the " Annuario," etc., 1867, p. 90. 



These papers deserve careful study by any one who desires to 

 learn how frequently our muscles vary, and in varying come to re- 

 semble those of the Quadrumana. The following references relate 

 to the few points touched on in my text : " Proc. Royal Soc," vol. 

 xiv, 1865, pp. 379-384 ; vol. xv, 1866, pp. 241, 242 ; vol. xv, 1867, p. 

 014 ; vol. xvi, 1868, p. 524. I may here add that Dr. Murie and Mr. 



