MENTAL POWERS. 95 



We see at least that such powers are developed in children 

 by imperceptible degrees. 



That animals retain their mental individuality is unques- 

 tionable. When my voice awakened a train of old associa- 

 tions in the mind of the before-mentioned dog, he must 

 have retained his mental individuality, although every atom 

 of his brain had probably undergone change more than 

 once during the interval of five years. This dog might 

 have brought forward the argument lately advanced to 

 crush all evolutionists, and said: ** I abide amid all mental 

 moods and all material changes. . . . The teaching 

 that atoms leave their impressions as legacies to other atoms 

 falling into the places they have vacated is contradictory of 

 the utterance of consciousness, and is therefore false; but it 

 is the teaching necessitated by evolutionism, consequently 

 the hypothesis is a false one. " * 



Language. This faculty has justly been considered as 

 one of the chief distinctions between man and the lower 

 animals. But man, as a highly competent judge. 

 Archbishop Whately remarks, '^ is not the only animal that 

 can make use of language to express what is passing in his 

 mind, and can understand, more or less, what is so ex- 

 pressed by another, ^^t I^ Paraguay the Cebiis azarcB when 

 excited utters at least six distinct sounds, w^hich excite in 

 other monkeys similar emotions. | The movements of the 

 features and gestures of monkeys are understood by us, and 

 they partly understand ours, as Rengger and others declare. 

 It is a more remarkable fact that the dog, since being 

 domesticated, has learned to bark in at least four or five 

 distinct tones. Although barking is a new art, no doubt 

 the wild parent-species of the dog expressed their feelings 

 by cries of various kinds. With the domesticated dog we 

 have the bark of eagerness, as in the chase; that of anger, 

 as well as growling; the yelp or howl of despair, as when 

 shut up; the baying at night; the bark of joy, as when 

 starting on a walk with his master; and the very distinct 



*The Rev. Dr. J. M'Cann, " Anti-Darwinism," 1869, p. 13. 

 f Quoted in "Anthropological Review," 1864, p. 158. 

 X Rengger, ibid, s. 45. 



See my " Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication," 

 vol i, p. ^7. 



