THE UACm OP* MAIT. 197 



species or varieties; but after carefully studying the evi- 

 dence, I have come to the conclusion that no general rules 

 of this kind can be trusted. The ordinary result of a cross 

 is the production of a blended or intermediate form; but in 

 certain cases some of the offspring take closely after one 

 parent-form and some after the other. This is especially 

 apt to occur when the parents differ in characters which 

 first appeared as sudden variations or monstrosities.* I 

 refer to this point because Dr. Rohlfs informs me that he 

 has frequently seen in Africa the offspring of negroes crossed 

 with members of other races, either completely black or 

 completely white, or rarely piebald. On the other hand, it 

 is notorious that in America mulattoes commonly present 

 an intermediate appearance. 



We have now seen that a naturalist might feel himself 

 fully justified in ranking the races of man as distinct spe- 

 cies; for he has found that they are distinguished by many 

 difli'erences in structure and constitution, some being of 

 importance. These differences have also remained nearly 

 constant for very long periods of time. Our naturalist will 

 have been in some degree influenced by the enormous range 

 of man, which is a great anomaly in the class of mammals, 

 if mankind be viewed as a single species. He will have 

 ])een struck with the distribution of the several so-called 

 races, which accords with that of other undoubtedly dis- 

 tinct species of mammals. Finally, he might urge that the 

 mutual fertility of all the races has not as yet been fully 

 proved, and even if proved would not be an absolute proof 

 of their specific identity. 



On the other side of the question, if our supposed nat- 

 uralist were to inquire whether the forms of man keep dis- 

 tinct like ordinary species when mingled together in large 

 numbers in the same country, he would immediately dis- 

 cover that this was by no means the case. In Brazil he 

 would behold an immense mongrel population of Negroes 

 and Portuguese; in Chili and other parts of South Amer- 

 ica he would behold the whole population consisting of In- 

 dians aud Spaniards blended in various degrees, f In many 



* " The Variation of Animals," etc., vol. ii, p. 92. 



f- M. de Quatrefages has given (" Anthropolog. Review," Jan., 

 18(59. p. 22) an interesting account of the success and energy of the 

 i*aulistas in Brazil, who are a much crossed race of Portuguese and 

 Indians, with a mixture of the blood of other races. 



