160 THE DISEASES OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS. 



Rufus (thirteenth century) gave a very fair description of the 

 symptoms of the disease ; he declared for its contagiousness, but 

 considered it to occur in all manner of ways. 



Ruini (fifteenth century) held the same opinion. Winter von 

 Adlers Flugel, a quaint German author of the sixteenth century, 

 had many odd ideas of the nature of the disease. He describes it 

 as occurring in two forms : the one known as " white " or stone- 

 glanders, which is curable in the early stages ; and the other called 

 "yellow," and which gives forth an offensive odor, and is incurable. 

 According to him, the symptoms of glanders are : 



1. The horse appears as if suffering for breath when ridden hard 

 and stopped suddenly, a point which has some practical diagnostic 

 value. 



2. The material which flows from the nose sinks to the bottom 

 of a vessel when filled with water. This idea is even asserted to 

 have diagnostic value by modern writers. Ditmar's report on gland- 

 ers, in the report of the United States Agricultural Department, 

 1878, says " it has some value." 



3. The flow is constant. 



4. If the discharge is white and odorless, it is " stone-glanders." 



5. If yellow, reddish, or mixed with blood, the case is incurable. 



6. Such horses often have a " rotten moisture " coming from the 

 mouth. 



7. When given water, a profuse discharge is to be seen issuing 

 from the mouth and nostrils. 



8. The ears and head droop. 



9. Difficult respiration. 



10. Cough, and have tucked-up flanks. 



11. The nostrils are cold. 



12. Appetite is poor. 



13. Emaciated and lazy. 



14. The mane falls out. 



15. Such horses have an offensive odor. 

 The disease occurs in three ways : 



1. The discharge comes from the brain. 



2. The animal has chronic disease of the throat. 



3. One horse can infect others. 



When the discharge comes from the brain, it is due to a super- 

 fluous amount of fluid in that organ, which causes corruption. 



Chronic pharyngitis often causes the disease. 



From the latter part of the last century there has always been an 

 active controversy as to the genesis of glanders : two schools have 



