THE HORSE. 181 



consisting of from four to eight single cells. The micrococci did 

 not have a uniform size, yet they were always round, and had 

 an average diameter of 0*0002 millimetres. I observed that they 

 multiplied by fission. I saw these objects in warm blood taken di- 

 rectly from the horse ; they were principally to be seen in and 

 around the white blood-cells. The red cells also seemed to be in- 

 vaded by them, but to a less degree. The smallest capillaries were 

 often obstructed by colonies of micrococci." 



" In the diseased lymph-glands I also found great numbers of 

 the same, and also staff-like bacteria — bacilli. They were either 

 isolated or in joints of two or three members. Such objects were 

 also present in the mucous lining of the cavities of the head." 



"Whether these objects seen by Zurn have really any etiological 

 connection with glanders is still an open question. Pure cultiva- 

 tion, extended experiments, etc., can only finally discover the imme- 

 diate inficiens. 



One must be careful not to attribute too much importance to 

 micrococci or bacteria, found in any part of the nasal cavity or phar- 

 ynx, or bodily cavities which connect with the open air ; for they 

 are not to be considered of any diagnostic value, and their isolation 

 is too difficult a task for our present means. 



The germs must be seen and collected elsewhere than here, or 

 from open wounds, on account of these foreign admixtures — even 

 though such material be highly infectious at the same time. 



The inficiens of glanders is both transportable — by that I mean 

 suspendible in the expired air to a limited degree — and fixed ; that 

 is, attachable to any foreign vehicle as a purveyor and supporter of 

 infection. 



With relation to the inficiens being based upon the perspiration 

 and expired atmosphere, we have the very illustrative experiments 

 of Gerlach and Yiborg. 



In these, horses having glanders were driven in cold weather, so 

 as to get into an active perspiration ; the steam arising from them, as 

 well as the expired air, was caught in glass receivers prepared for 

 the purpose, and allowed to condense. 



Healthy horses were then inoculated with this material, and the 

 phenomena of glanders observed to develop. The expired air was 

 found to be far more active than the transpiration from the cutis. 



These experiments go to prove two things : 



1. That the inficiens is transportable to a minor degree. 



2. That the inficiens must be of & formative nature. 



No other conclusion is possible ; for, in our studies on bacteria, 



