THE HORSE. 201 



portions of the lungs. Such parts derive their name from their re- 

 semblance to the spleen. 



" Gelatinous infiltration and splenization occur under peculiar 

 circumstances ; both of them represent the beginning of an inflam- 

 matory process, or a cellular infiltration of the alveoli — red hepatiza- 

 tion. Frequently, however, the alveoli become filled with cells, 

 when we have the condition of full cellular alveolic infiltration — 

 gray hepatization. These places are situated in the vicinity of the 

 bronchioli, and bespeak a high degree of irritation of the pulmonic 

 tissues. The causes of catarrhal pneumonia find their atrium by 

 means of the bronchi, so it is natural that these conditions should 

 develop in their vicinity. Broncho-pneumonia has always a local 

 character ; it is circumscribed, not diffuse ; centers of pneumonia, 

 therefore, develop in the gelatinous, infiltrated, or splenized parts. 

 In the first, the centers are of a whitish, in the latter of a grayish- 

 red, color. Persons who look upon all circumscribed inflammatory 

 centers as indications of glanders, could easily mistake these for the 

 same. They have nothing whatever to do with glanders, however, 

 and can occur in any horse under the above conditions." 



"We have already spoken of the general complication of the in- 

 terstitial tissue, or stroma, of the large glands of the organism in 

 glanders, which does not find mention in the books, and have only 

 to mention that circumscribed neoplasmata also develop in these 

 organs, and sometimes within the bones. In the liver they possess 

 a great inclination to calcify. Clouded swelling and granular de- 

 generation of parenchyma of these organs also take place. Leuco- 

 cytosis, or an unnatural number of white blood-cells, is also common 

 in chronic glanders ; the increase of these cells is sometimes so great 

 as to produce a veritable leucaemia ; ten white to twenty red cells 

 have frequently been counted. The cause of this condition is to be 

 sought in the constant irritation which the lymph-glands undergo in 

 this disease. 



Diagnosis. 



The diagnosis of glanders is often extremely difficult ; especially 

 is this the case in the chronic form, where all external pathognomonic 

 symptoms are wanting ; but the fact of infection of other horses, 

 the prevalence of the previously detailed dyspncetic, debilitated, 

 and other suspicious phenomena are generally sufficient to warrant 

 a questionable diagnosis, and the exact quarantining or slaughter- 

 ing of the animal by the authorities. 



