2G4 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE VETERINARY SCHOOLS. 



affected refinement of feeling. Niebuhr found the hospital con- 

 taining horses, mules, cows, oxen, sheep, goats, monkeys, a variety 

 of sick and maimed beasts, poultry, pigeons, and birds ; also an old 

 tortoise, which was known to have been there seventy-five years. 

 In sickness the animals are attended by properly instructed indi- 

 viduals with the greatest care, and here they find a peaceable asy- 

 lum for the infirmities of age. When an animal broke a limb, 

 or was otherwise disabled, its owner brought it to this hospital, 

 where it was always received without regard to the caste or na- 

 tion of its master. There they remained for life, and the only 

 work they were required to perform was drawung water for the pa- 

 tients of the hospital. Above-stairs were depositories for seeds 

 of many sorts, and flat, broad dishes for water for birds and in- 

 sects. 



" In 1823 Sir Alexander Brown visited the brute hospital at 

 Surat. It is situated in the suburbs, between the inner and outer 

 wall, surrounded by houses and a dense population. It occupies a 

 court fifty feet square, to which is attached a large area to admit 

 cattle to roam about, and is strewed with grain and straw, to prevent 

 the inmates wanting either food or bedding. They receive animals 

 of all descriptions, from all countries, as the more numerous they are 

 the more they increase the reputation, happiness, and prosperity of 

 those who support them. In the hospital Sir Alexander found the 

 old, lame, or disabled animals consisted of buffaloes, cows, goats, 

 sheep, cocks, and hens ; some of the latter had lost their feathers. 

 There were cages to protect the birds, but most of them were empty, 

 and a colony of pigeons were fed daily. One of the houses, twenty- 

 five feet long, has a boarded floor elevated eight feet, under which 

 the Buddhists throw a quantity of grain (the oftener the better for 

 themselves), as a work of charity, which in the hot and stagnant air 

 gives life to a mass of vermin dense as the sand of the sea-shore." 



The Veterinary Institutions of France. 



It is impossible for me to give more than a very incomplete ac- 

 count of the veterinary institutions of Europe, there being no mod- 

 ern history of veterinary medicine ; hence I have been obliged to 

 collect such information as I could from different articles in maga- 

 zines in my possession, though I have derived great aid from the 

 article entitled " Yeterinaire " in D'Arboval-Zundel's " Dictionnaire 

 de Medecine," etc., Paris, 1877. I have also been fortunate in pos- 

 sessing two reports of German veterinarians of unquestionable abil- 

 ity, Hertwig and M tiller, who visited France at different times in the 



