THE VETERINARY INSTITUTE AT VIENNA, AUSTRIA. 2S3 



strated and supervised operative surgery, and represented Wolstein 

 when the latter was unable to be present. 



Assistant Toegl (1779) demonstrated anatomy, and Mengmann 

 controlled the pharmacy, and lectured upon medical botany and 

 pharmacy. The military students came either from cavalry regi- 

 ments or were selected by the school from among young smiths who 

 displayed unusual ability. The students must be under thirty years 

 of age, unmarried, natives of Austria (Hungary also?), of perfect 

 physique and good moral education, and be able to read and write 

 in the German language. 



The admittance of civil students was dependent upon the judg- 

 ment of the teachers, who were made responsible for the ability and 

 character of the same. 



From 1778 to 1799, 178 military, 137 civil, and 144 foreign 

 students graduated at the school. 



During this period, 4,208 army horses were treated, of which 

 3,665 recovered, 291 were discharged uncured, and 252 were killed. 

 In 1806 numerous changes were made in the buildings and some in 

 the curriculum, the intention of the school being to educate superior 

 and ordinary farriers for the army, " Kurschmieden " (farriers edu- 

 cated in the principles of medicine), veterinary surgeons, and ordi- 

 nary farriers. The course was still continued at two years : in the 

 first year, horseshoeing, anatomy, pharmaceutical chemistry, physi- 

 ology, exterior of the horse, breeding ; in the second year, therapeu- 

 tics, pharmacology, and veterinary police. The military students 

 were compelled to work from 6 to 11.30 a. m. and from 3 to 6 p. m. 

 in the forge. The personnel of the school was increased by a pro- 

 fessor of pathology and another of anatomy. The school was lim- 

 ited to forty military students — thirty -five from the cavalry regi- 

 ments, and five for the royal studs. In 1809 it was ordered that 

 alt must he taught which belongs to veterinary medicine, and not 

 limited to the horse alone. In 1812 the school was united with 

 the university at Vienna, the military inspection being limited to 

 supervision of the military students. In the year 1823 a revision 

 of the school was again undertaken, which remained unchanged 

 until 1849, and suffered but few modifications until 1857. The aim 

 of the institute was to give full instruction in the principles of 

 veterinary medicine. 



The form of instruction was appointed to the necessities of the 

 different kinds of students : 



1. Common farriers, i. e., such who, after completion of their 

 course, were considered educated for the profession of horseshoers. 



