VETERINARY SCHOOLS OF BELGIUM, RUSSIA, SWEDEN, ETC. 295 



regulations for these schools suffered a complete reorganization soon 

 after the veterinary congress at Frankfort in the year 1872, the aim 

 of the Government being to make them second to none in Europe 

 from a truly scientific point of view. The new regulations bear 

 date May 8, 1873. The schools are subjected to the control of the 

 cultus minister in the first place, and directly under the curator of 

 the educational district in which they are situated. The immediate 

 direction, however, consists of the director and council of the 

 school. At each institute there are three regular, one extra profess- 

 or, four docents ; of the last, one for pharmacy, one for agriculture, 

 one prosector who is also a docent, and an extra prosector and a 

 teacher of horseshoeing, with various assistant teachers. The direct- 

 or receives, aside from a free residence, 3,300 silver rubles yearly ; 

 the regular professors, 3,000 ; the extra, 2,000 ; the docents and pro- 

 sectors, 1,200 ; the assistants, 700 ; and the teacher of horseshoeing 

 the same, with residence. The director, professors, docents, and 

 prosectors must all have the qualification of a magistrate of veteri- 

 nary science. The docents of pharmacy and agriculture must like- 

 wise be of the same grade in their respective branches, but the 

 teacher of horseshoeing may have only the ordinary veterinary 

 diploma. Private docents are also permitted to lecture upon any 

 branch of veterinary science which they may select. To these last the 

 qualification of doctor of veterinary medicine is necessary, but each 

 aspirant must write an essay upon a selected subject, which must be 

 publicly defended, and also stand two test-examinations upon themes 

 selected by the council of the institute. The private docents have 

 no certain pay, but the same is regulated by the council, and they 

 have before them the privilege of adding to their education by study 

 in foreign countries at the Government's expense. The natural 

 sciences — mineralogy, botany, zoology, comparative anatomy (not zo- 

 otomy), physics, physical geography, and chemistry — are taught at 

 the schools by special professors, appointed for the purpose from 

 the university. The students also receive lectures upon religion on 

 appointed days. A high grade of preliminary education is demand- 

 ed of the students. The course is extended over four years. Three 

 thousand silver rubles are at the disposal of the council for each 

 school, as stipends for desirable students. The general censors are 

 excellent and satisfactory, which give the student the diploma of 

 doctor, but in case of extraordinary ability the council may give the 

 diploma of magistrate of veterinary medicine. A foreigner may 

 also obtain them by standing the same examination. The director 

 also possesses the grade and rights of a dean of a university, while 



