298 TIIE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE VETERINARY SCHOOLS. 



practical farriery, eight hours ; clinic, twelve hours ; practical phar- 

 macy, twelve hours. 



Fifth Session. — Pathology and therapeutics, three to four hours 

 weekly ; surgery, three to four hours ; dissection, operative surgery, 

 four hours; practical farriery, eight hours; clinic and pharmacy, 

 twelve hours each weekly. 



Sixth Session. — Ambulatory or visiting clinic ; veterinary juris- 

 prudence. 



The veterinary examinations take place in April and October, 

 and are divided into two parts : the first of these is in pure natural 

 science only ; the second, in the other branches of veterinary medi- 

 cine. 



Veterinary Medicine in Sweden* 



The first veterinary school in Sweden was founded by Hern- 

 quist, born in 1720. After passing his examination as a doctor in 

 philosophy at the University of Upsala, Hernquist went in 1763 to 

 France, and, more especially at Lyons, studied veterinary medicine. 

 In 177-1 he established the veterinary school of Skara, Sweden, and 

 was designated professor of it in 1778, remaining in it until his 

 death, 1S08. He was a writer and practitioner of very high order. 

 One of the best of his pupils, Xorling, took his place in 1814 ; and 

 in 1820, by order of the Swedish Government, he organized the 

 veterinary school at Stockholm, remaining director of it, as well as 

 that of Skara, until his death in 1855. The Skara school served as 

 a preparatory one for that of Stockholm, where the student, after 

 a stay of two or three years, underwent the examination for the de- 

 gree of veterinary surgeon. At that time, as now, the students 

 came from Sweden, Norway, and Finland, and during this period 

 a great number of men belonging to each of these countries gradu- 

 ated at the Stockholm school. 



In 1S67 it was fixed by royal ordinance that before a student 

 could enter that college he must have obtained the diploma of 

 graduate in letters from the university. This excellent measure for 

 the elevation of veterinary instruction was due to the initiative of 

 Professor Landberg ; and, instead of diminishing the number of 

 students, as some had predicted, it led to an increase. In requiring 

 from candidates for admission to this school an amount of prepara- 

 tory knowledge not demanded by any other veterinary school in 

 Europe, the Swedish Government has taken care to protect the 

 interests of its graduates and increase their income ; the conse- 

 quence is, that the number of graduates has correspondingly aug- 



* "Veterinary Journal," vol. ix, p. 266, 1879. 



