THE SCHOOLS OF GERMANY. 307 



for assistant the veterinarian Frederick Giinther. Little change was 

 made in the plan of instruction until 1S2S, except that the courses 

 were made longer. In 1S28 Giinther introduced into the curriculum 

 forensic medicine and veterinary police, materia medica, and the art 

 of writing and making prescriptions, with several other essential im- 

 provements. A teacher for horseshoeing was also added to the school. 

 The period of study was extended to two and a half years, although 

 Giinther worked earnestly to have it three years. In 1847 Giinther 

 became director, and with it began a new era in the school. There 

 is no doubt that he was one of the most eminently practical men 

 that has ever graced the veterinary profession in any country ; per- 

 haps it would not be going too far to say that the scientific and 

 practical were united in him to a degree which has been but rarely 

 met with in the members of our profession. He was an earnest ex- 

 perimenter, a close observer, and his greatest failure seems to have 

 been too much delay in publishing his results. No better hippo-anat- 

 omist has ever lived ; his work on the " Myology of the Horse " has 

 never been equaled, and has been a source of assistance to all succeed- 

 ing authors. He was the first to discover the chief cause of roaring, 

 if not the only one, in atrophy of the laryngeal muscles, upon which 

 opening of the glottis depends, especially of the left side, and con- 

 nected it by experiment with diseased conditions of the left recur- 

 rent nerve. He gave us the first book of any moment upon the 

 horse's teeth and their diseases, and invented numerous practical 

 (not useless) instruments for their extraction, etc. No one has fol- 

 lowed him in this direction, and we remain just where he left us in 

 the middle of this century. His work on obstetrics was for a long 

 time the best which we had. Through his earnest endeavors and 

 untiring energy, the school-term was finally fixed at three years, at 

 which it continued until 1877, when with all the German schools it 

 was extended to three and a half, and the conditions to admission 

 and receiving the diploma of the empire were fixed alike for all. 



Gerlach succeeded Giinther as director, and under him the 

 school attained a still greater celebrity, but, as we have to speak of 

 him in connection with the school at Berlin, we will defer further 

 remark till then. The grounds of the Hanover school are quite 

 extensive, the library replete with books and many valuable manu- 

 scripts and works of early German and other Continental veterinarians. 

 The buildings are many of them new, and all have recently suffered 

 renovation. The hospital is roomy, airy, and well lighted ; in fact, 

 the school has all the requisites necessary to such an institution of a 

 smaller variety, except a special physiologist and physiological 



