432 HELICTDiE. 



base ; umbilicus none. Lengtb, tbree tentbs of an incb ; breadtb, 

 one tentb of an incb. 



Found in woods and groves under leaves and tbe bark of decay- 

 ing stumps. On visiting Oak Island, Cbelsea, after a warm rain in 

 October, I fon]id tbe surface of tbe ground covered witb tbese sbells 

 in incalculable numbers. Hundreds migbt be taken up clinging to 

 a single fallen leaf; as tbe moisture evaporated tbey all disappeared 

 beneatb tbe leaves. Mr. Say found tbis sbell in tbe Nortbwest Ter- 

 ritory. 



From Canada to tbe Red River of tbe Nortli and Englisb River. 

 In Nebraska. In New England and tbe States bordering tbe Great 

 Lakes. Also in Europe. 



Tbe above description applies to tbe sbell in its most perfect liv- 

 ing state. After deatb it soon becomes opaque and wbitisb, and 

 tbe lip loses its reddisb color. In some aspects tbe peculiar termi- 

 nation of tbe pillar gives tbe aperture tbe look of an Achatina; and 

 tbis is evidently one of tbe connecting links between tbe two genera. 

 Indeed, tbis sbell, witb a few otliers, bas been set apart by Jeffreys 

 in a new genus, wbicb be calls Cionella, cbaracterized by being 

 sub-effuse at base, witb tbe columella partially interrupted. 



Genus PUPA, Draparnaud. 1805. 



Shell cylindrical, ovate or buliform, rimate or perforate ; last 

 wborl proportionally small ; aperture semi-oval or sub-rotund, gen- 

 erally furnisbed witb entering, foldlike denticles ; peristome ex- 

 panded, or sub-simple, margins equal, sub-parallel, distant, usually 

 connected witb a callous lamina. 



Jaw somewbat arcuate, furrowed witb delicate strige, its concave 

 edge unbroken, generally somewbat prominent in tbe middle. 



Lingual band narrow, central tectb tricuspid, laterals bicuspid, 

 uncini serrated. 



Most of tbe species are so small tbat it requires mucb care and 

 no little skill to find tbem. Some are found in forests, under de- 

 caying leaves, or fragments of dead brancbes, lying on tbe ground, 

 or in tbe crevices of bark, or about decaying stumps and logs; 

 some are found in plats of moss, otbers under stones, sticks, etc., 

 in tbe open fields ; and many at tbe margins of brooks, pools, and 

 ponds, under cbips, or crawling up tbe stems of plants, and seem to 



