CONTENTS 



The Spinal Column — Coniitiued 



The Cervical Vertebrae ii6 



The Lumbar Vertebrae 117 



Peculiar Vertebrae 119 



Dimensions of Vertebrae 122 



Gradual Regional Changes ) 22 



The Sacrum 124 



The Coccyx 127 



Development of the Vertebrae 128 



Variations of the Vertebrae 131 



Articulations of the Vertebral Column . . 132 



Ligaments Connecting the Bodies . . 132 

 Ligaments Connecting the Laminae 



and the Processes 133 



Articulations of the Occipital Bone, the 



Atlas and the Axis 135 



The Spine as a Whole 138 



Dimensions and Proportions 141 



Movements of the Head 142 



Movements of the Spine 142 



Practical Considerations : The Spine.... 143 



Curvature of the Spine 144 



Sprains, Dislocations and Fractures . 144 



Landmarks 146 



The Thorax 149 



The Ribs 149 



The Costal Cartilages 153 



The Sternum 155 



Articulations of the Thorax 1 57 



The Anterior Thoracic Articulations . 1 58 



The Intersternal Joints 159 



The Costo-Sternal Joints 160 



The Interchondral Joints 160 



The Costo-\'ertebral Articulations. , 160 



The Thorax as a Whole 162 



The Movements of the Thorax 165 



Practical Considerations : The Thorax . . 167 



Deformities 167 



Fractures and Disease of the Ribs . . 169 



Landmarks 170 



The Skull 172 



The Cranium 172 



The Occipital Bone 172 



The Temporal Bone 176 



The Tympanic Cavity 183 



The Sphenoid Bone 186 



The Ethmoid Bone 191 



The Frontal Bone 194 



The Parietal Bone 197 



The Bones of the Face 199 



The Superior Maxilla 199 



The Palate Bone 204 



The Vomer . 205 



The Lachrymal Bone 207 



The Inferior Turbinate Bone 208 



The Nasal Bone 209 



The Malar Bone 209 



The Inferior Maxilla 211 



The Temporo-Maxillary Articulation. ... 214 



The Hyoid Bone 216 



The Skull as a Whole 216 



The Exterior of the Cranium 218 



The Interior of the Cranium 220 



The Architecture of the Cranium . . . 220 



The Face 222 



The Orbit 222 



The Nasal Cavity 223 



The Accessory Pneumatic Cav- 

 ities 226 



The Architecture of the Face . . . 228 



The Anthropology of the Skull 228 



Practical Considerations : The Skull .... 235 



The Cranium 235 



PAGE 



Pract. Consid. : The Skull — Continued 



Malformations 235 



The Wormian Bones 236 



Diseases of the Cranial Bones . . 237 



Fractures 238 



Landmarks 240 



The Face 242 



Deformities and Fractures 243 



Dislocation of the Jaw 246 



Landmarks 246 



The Bones of the Upper Extremity 248 



The Shoulder-Girdle 248 



The Scapula 248 



Practical Considerations 253 



Malformations 253 



Fractures and Disease 254 



Landmarks 255 



Ligaments of the Scapula 256 



The Clavicle 257 



Practical Considerations 258 



Malformations 259 



Fractures and Disease 259 



Landmarks 260 



The Sterno-Clavicular Articulation . 261 

 The Coraco-Clavicular Ligament . . . 262 

 INIovements of the Clavicle and Scap- 

 ula 262 



Surface Anatomy of the Shoulder- 



; Girdle 263 



Practical Considerations 263 



The Sterno-Clavicular Articula- 

 tion 263 



The Acromio-Clavicular Articu- 

 lation ." 264 



The Humerus 265 



Practical Considerations 270 



Malformations 270 



Separation of the Epiphyses .... 271 



Fractures and Disease 273 



The Shoulder-Joint 274 



Practical Considerations 278 



Dislocations and Diseases 278 



Landmarks 280 



The Ulna 281 



Practical Considerations 285 



Malformations 285 



Fractures 286 



Landmarks 287 



The Radius 287 



Practical Considerations 293 



Malformations 293 



Fractures and Disease 294 



Landmarks 296 



The Radio-Ulnar Articulations 297 



The Forearm as a Whole 299 



The Elbow-Joint 301 



Practical Considerations 305 



Dislocations and Disease 305 



Landmarks 308 



The Bones of the Hand 309 



The Carpal Bones 309 



The Metacarpal Bones 314 



The Phalanges 317 



Practical Considerations 319 



The Carpus 319 



The Metacarpus 319 



The Phalanges 320 



Landmarks 320 



Ligaments of Wrist and Metacarpus .... 320 

 Movements and Mechanics of Wrist 

 and Carpo-Metacarpal Articu- 

 lations 326 



Surface Anatomy of Wrist and Hand 328 



