Ii6 



HUMAN ANATOMY. 



ject outward and backward, and enlarge at the tip, which anteriorly presents a con- 

 cave articular surface for the tubercle of the rib, and is rough behind for muscles. 



The articular surfaces are in two pairs above and below, each pair facing in 

 opposite directions, so that the lower ones of one vertebra meet the upper ones of 



Fig. 142. 



Spinous process 



Inferior articular process 



Superior articular process 



Transverse foramen 

 Transverse process 



.Posterior limb of transverse 



process 



Posterior tubercle 



Costal element 

 Anterior tubercle 



Bod\' Anterior limb of transverse process 



Fourth cervical vertebra from above. 



the next. Each presents a smooth, roughly oval articular surface. The superior 

 ones face backward, a little outward, and a very little upward ; the inferior, con- 

 versely, look forward, inward, and slightly downward. 



Fig. 143. 



Groove for spinal nerve 



Superior articular process 



Anterior tubercle 

 Posterior tubercle 



Fig. 144. 



Superior articular process and facet 



Anterior 



Fourth cervical vertebra from in front. 



Cervical Vertebrae. — A typical cervical vertebra is much smaller than the 

 thoracic. 



The body is decidedly longer from side to side than from before backward. 



The upper surface is raised at the sides 

 SO as to embrace the body next above, 

 and has its front border rounded for the 

 latter to descend over it ; for this pur- 

 pose the lower anterior border is pro- 

 tubercie longed downward. The height of the 

 'ufblrck ^^*^^y is about the same before and be- 

 hind. 



The spinal foramen is triangular, 

 v/ith the greatest diameter transverse. 



The pedicles are short and light, 

 and extend backward and outward from 

 the body. The notches above and be- 

 low them are about equal. 

 The intervertebral foramen is opposite the intervertebral disk, and a part 

 of the bodies of two vertebrae. 



Inferior articular pro- 

 cess and facet 



Intervertebral 

 notch 



Groove for spinal 

 nerve 



Fourth cervical vertebra from the side. 



