I48 MUSCULAR SYSTEM. [sect. 82. 



rounded extremities, and closed sarcolemma, abut on the borders 

 and surfaces of the tendons and aponeuroses at an acute angle, 

 as seen in penniform muscles. In this case the extremities 

 of the fibres dip into small depressions on the surface of the 

 tendon, whilst the connective tissue between them (perimysium 

 internum) passes continuously into that of the tendons. This latter 

 arrangement is found wherever muscular fibres and tendons meet 

 at an oblique angle, consequently in all the penniform and semi- 

 penniform muscles, in those whose tendons of attachment com- 

 mence in a membranous form (soleus, gastrocnemius) and those 

 which arise from the surfaces of fasciae, bones and cartilages. 

 Where, on the other hand, the fibres of aponeuroses and tendons 

 meet those of muscles rectilinearly, a real transition of tendinous 

 fasciculi into muscular fibres for the most part occurs, although 

 not always, for in apparent rectilinear transition of muscles into 

 tendons, an oblique attachment of the former with free extremi- 

 ties, although under very acute angles, is also frequently found, 

 and particularly where tendons penetrate deeply into the muscular 

 substance, and divide into separate bundles. 



The tendons are also connected with bones, cartilages, fibrous 

 membranes (sclerotica, vagina nervi optici, tendinous fasciae), liga- 

 ments, and synovial membranes (subcruralis, for instance). With 

 the first-mentioned parts the connection takes place either by the 

 intervention of the periosteum and perichondrium, and therefore 

 indirectly — the tendinous fibres mostly passing into the similarly 

 constituted elements of these investments, or appearing to strengthen 



them or directly, in which case (tench Achillis,- tendons of the 



quadriceps, pectoralis major, deltoideus, latissimus, ilio-psoas, glutei, 

 etc.), the tendinous bundles meet, under an acute or oblique angle, 

 the surfaces of the bones, and become accurately attached to all 

 their elevations and depressions, without the intervention of peri- 

 osteum, which is wanting in such places. In the neighbourhood 

 of the bones the tendons frequently contain, for a certain extent, 

 beautiful cartilage cells, which are either isolated or disposed in 

 rows. In exceptional cases, I have also seen the tendinous fibrillse, 

 at their extremities next the bone, completely incrusted (ossified) 

 with salts of lime in the form of granules. In fibrous membranes, 

 the tendons disappear quite imperceptibly, without any interruption 

 of continuity (tensor fascia, biceps brachii). 



§ 82. Accessory Organs of the Muscles and Tendons. A. The 

 muscular Envelopes or Fasciae.— These are fibrous membranes which 



