SECT. 149.] GLANDS OF THE STOMACH. 32 1 



dilatations of their terminal tubes, which give them a peculiar 

 irregular varicose appearance, and by the fact that these peptic 

 cells frequently contain small fat-globules, which give the extre- 

 mities of the glands a dark aspect. Together with these glands, 

 others, simple in form, seem to occur sparingly; on the other 

 hand, true racemose glands, with arborescent ramification of the 

 excretory duct and roundish terminal vesicles, are wholly absent, 

 although they are met with in the last portion of the mucous 

 membrane of the oesophagus. 



The mucous glands of the stomach are found only at the pale 

 pyloric zone ; they are of the compound tubular kind, and com- 

 pletely resemble the above-described in their fundamental form, 

 except that the tubes are larger in all their parts. On the other 

 hand, peptic cells are wholly wanting, and even the terminal 

 tubes of the glands, here perfectty cylindrical, are filled with 

 short epithelium-cylinders, in which, as at the cardia, there are 

 mostly contained fat-granules. Simple glands are absent; but, 

 according to Donders, true racemose glands appear to occur, in 

 certain cases, close to the pylorus. 



In animals, as Todd and Bowman first showed in the dog, and then Donders 

 and I in many other mammalia, the glands of the stomach are always of a 

 double kind — mucotis glands with cylindrical epithelium, and gastric glands, 

 with cells similar to those found in man. A detailed description of some of 

 the forms is contained in my Micr. Anat. ii., 2, p. 140, and Donders (1. a). . 



To the two forms of the (/lands of the stomach, two differently acting secre- 

 tions correspond, a fact which was first pointed out by Wasmann, and which 

 has been placed beyond all doubt by myself (Micr. Anat. ii., 2), and also by 

 Donders (1. a). In the dog, as also in ruminantia, in the horse, hare, cat, and 

 rabbit, glands with cylindrical epithelium are found at the pylorus, and 

 glands with roundish cells in all the other parts of the stomach ; whilst in 

 the pig, the latter are found only in the middle of the stomach, especially at 

 the large curvature. A series of experiments on artificial digestion, which 

 I made in conjunction with H. Goll, of Zurich, especially on the gastric 

 mucous membrane of the pig, clearly showed that the two kinds of glands 

 entirely differ in respect of their solvent power ; in as much as those with 

 round cells dissolvt d acidulated coagulated protein-compounds in a very 

 short time ; those with cylindrical epithelium, on the contrary, either did not 

 operate at aft, or produced a slight effect only after a longer period. More- 

 over, the stomach presents a distinctly acid reaction only at the places where 

 the former glands are situated. These observations have quite recently 

 been confirmed, as regards the human stomach, by Donders and myself. 

 The active organic material, the pepsin, has its seat in the roundish finely 

 granular cells of the gastric glands, from which it can be extracted by water, 

 particularly when it is slightly acidulated. Those cells, accordingly, deserve 



Y 



