. 



158.] THE LIVER. 239 



time strongly pressing, the epithelium of the glands is frequently extracted 

 in continuity, -which, of course, gives all the information that could be desired 

 concerning the form and the lining of the glands. Moreover, the mucous 

 membrane of the stomach of the last-mentioned animals readily breaks up 

 into its elements by simple teasing out. 



The glands of Brunner occasion no difficulties except as to their excretory 

 ducts, which, however, are distinctly seen in perpendicular sections, and in ani- 

 mals, also, when the mucous membrane is teased out. The Lieberkiihnian glands 

 may likewise be very readily isolated in their entire length ; whilst the closed 

 follicles of the intestine are to be carefully exposed from without, to be 

 isolated or pricked, and also to be studied upon perpendicular sections. The 

 muscular layer of the mucous membrane is likewise to be exposed from 

 without by the detachment of the tunica nervea, and then to be detached in 

 small segments from the glandular layer ; its elements are very well seen after 

 maceration in nitric acid of 20 per cent. 



Literature. — Sprott Boyd, On the Structure of the Mucous Membrane of the 

 Stomach. Edin. Med. and Surg. Journ., xlvi., p. 282. Th. L. W. Bischoff, in 

 Mull. Arch., 1838, p. 503, with drawings. Wasmaxn, Be Digestions Nonnulla, 

 Berol., 1 8 39, c. tab. L. Bohm, Be Glandulurum Intestinalium Structura Penitiori, 

 Berol., 1835, 8 c. tab. ; an d Die Krarike Darmsehleimhaut in der Asiatischen 

 Cholera, Berl., 1838. J. Henle, Symbols ad Anatomiam Villorum Intesti- 

 nalium impr. eorum Epithelii et Vasorum Lacteorum, c. tab. Berol., 1837, ^io. 

 J.Flocch, in Mem.de la Societe cTRistoirc Natur.de Strasbourg, iii., 3 Strasb., 

 184.5. A. Th. Middeldorpf, Be Glandulis Brunnianis, VratisL, 1846, c. tab. 

 E. H. Weber, in Mull. Archie, 1847, p. 400 ; and in Bcricht der Kimigl. 

 s hs. Geselhchqft der Wissenschaften, Heft vii., 18 May, 1847, p. 245. 

 Frerichs (and Free), Art. Verdauung, in Wagner's Hanchv. d. Physiologie, 

 Bd. hi., p. 738 — 755. E. Brucke, in Denkschriften der Wiener Ahademie, 

 Bd. ii., 1850 ; and in the Beriehten der Ahademie, 1851. Kolliker, in Zeit- 

 schrift fur n-iss. Zoologie, Bd. iii., 1851, p. 106. Allen THOMSON,in Goodsir's 

 Ann. of Anat. and Ph//s.,i.,\X23- F.Ernst, TJeoer die Anordnung der Blut- 

 gef'dsse in den Darmh'duten, Zurich, 1851, Diss. c. tab. Ecker, in Zeitschrift 

 f rut. Med., ii., 1852, p. 243. Henle, ibid., ii., 1852, p. 309. Bruch, in 

 Zeitschrift f. iviss. Zooloejie, iv., p. 282. Brucke, in Denkschr.d. Wien. Ahad., 

 1853. Kolliker, in Wurzb. Verh.,iv., p. 52. Funke, ibid., vi. Donders, 

 in Ned. Lane, 1852, Oct., p. 265 ; ibid., p. 218 ; ibid., Feb., April, 1853. Berlin, 

 in Ned. Lane, July, Aug., 1852. Treitz, in Prog. Yicrt., 1853, i., p. 113. 

 T. Buettauer and T. Steinach, in the Sitzvngsbcrichte der Wiener Ahad., 

 l8 57> P- 3°3- G. Meissner, Ueber die Nerven der Barmwand, in Henle's Zeit- 

 schrift, 1857, p. 364. For Drawings, Ecker's Icon., Tab. I. II. (very beautiful), 

 and Funek's Atlas, Tab. VIII,, may also be mentioned. 



V. — Of the Liver. 



§ 158. The liver is a large glaud, which is distinguished from 

 the compound glands, hitherto described, such as the salivary, 

 even by the intimate connection of its larger subdivisions, and 



7. 2 



