266 SPECIAL HISTOLOGY. 



insertions of the latter into the bones, and their cartilage-cells in those 

 situations are readily seen ; in the tendo Achillis, for instance, in vertical 

 sections of dried preparations; with respect to their relation to the 

 muscular fasciculi, vide supra, § 81, In order to examine the cartilage- 

 cells in tendons, thin horizontal sections are taken from the surface, 

 which are treated with acetic acid, or a very dilute solution of soda. For 

 the study of the development of muscle, the naked Amphibia must be 

 placed in the first rank, and the Mammalia only in the second. 



Literature. — Besides the memoirs, cited in § 27, there are to be men- 

 tioned : G.Valentin, article " Muscles," in the " Encyclopaedic Dictionary 

 of the Medical Sciences," vol. xxiv. pp. 203-220, Berlin, 1840 ; H. R. 

 Ficinus, " De fibrse muscularis forma et structura Diss, inaug.," Lips., 

 1836, 4, cum tab. ; F. Will, some remarks upon the origin of the trans- 

 verse stripes of muscles, in Mliller's "Archiv," 1843, p. 358 ; R. Remak, 

 on the " Development of the Primitive muscular Fasciculi," in Froriep's 

 "N. Notiz.," 1845, Nr. 768 ; Ed. Weber, art. "Muscular Motion," in 

 R. Wagner's "Manual of Physiology," vol. iii. 2d division, 1846 ; Kol- 

 liker, in "Ann. d. Sc. Nat.," 1846 ; Dobie, " Observations on the Minute 

 Structure and Mode of Contraction of Voluntary muscular Fibre," in 

 "Ann. Nat. Hist.," N. Ser. III. 1849 ; Lebert, " Recherches sur la For- 

 mation des Muscles dans les Animaux vertebras, in Ann. d. Sc. N.," 

 1850, p. 205. 



OF THE OSSEOUS SYSTEM. 



§ 88. The Osseous System consists of a great number of hard organs, 

 the Bones, of a peculiar, uniform structure, which are united either 

 immediately or by means of other tissues, such as cartilage, ligaments, 

 or articular capsules, into a connected whole — the skeleton. 



The osseous tissue, in man, presents two principal forms — the compact 

 and spongy. The perfect solidity of the former, however, is only appa- 

 rent, as, even to the naked eye, it is seen to be penetrated by narrow 

 channels which run in various directions, and by a still greater number 

 of similar but smaller canals, which are brought into view by the micro- 

 scope. These vascular or Haversian canals (medullary canals of authors), 

 may be said to be almost entirely absent in the spongy substance, in 

 which they are represented by wider, rounded, or elongated spaces, 

 visible to the unassisted eye, which are filled with marrow, in some 

 bones occupied by veins or nerves {cochlea), and termed the medullary 

 spaces or cells {cancelli, cellulce medullares). These spaces all anasto- 

 mose together, and are formed by the reticular arrangement of the small 

 quantity of osseous tissue, which is disposed in the form of fibres, lamim^, 

 and small rods. When the spaces are of a larger size, the substance is 



