THE BLOOD AND THE LYMPH. 713 



lest (0-00094) in tlic Musk Deer ; seldom larger (0-005 of a line) as 

 in the Elephant. All the lower Vertebrata have, almost without 

 exception, oval, nucleated blood-corpuscles, of the shape' of a melon 

 seed. Those of Birds are from 0*004 to 0-008 of a line long, and con- 

 tain roundish nuclei ; those of the Amphibia measure between 0-008- 

 0-025 of a line in length, have round and oval nuclei, and are largest 

 in the naked Amphibia (Frog, 0-011-0-013 of a line long, 0-007-0-008 

 of a line broad; Proteus, 0-025 of a line long, 0-016 of a line broad, 

 Salamander, 0-02 of a line long); those of Fishes, lastly, are mostly 

 0-005-0-007 of a line long, except that in the Plagiostoraes they mea- 

 sure 0-01-0-015 of a line ; in the Lepidosiren they are 0-020 of a line 

 long, and 0-012 of a line broad. In BTyxine and Petromyzon they are 

 0*005 of a line in diameter, round and slightly biconcave. In Amphi- 

 oxus the blood-corpuscles are absent.* The blood- 

 corpuscles of the Invertebrata resemble the colorless 

 cells of the blood in the higher animals, and are almost 

 always uncolored. 



The following should here be also noticed as extraor- 

 dinary constituents of the blood : 1, cells enclosing 

 hlood-corpuscles, noticed by Ecker and myself in the 

 blood of the spleen and hepatic vessels, and elsewhere also in the blood 

 {vid. Mikroskop. Anat., II. 3, p. 309, et seq.) 2, pigmented and color- 

 less granule-cells, observed by myself, Ecker, Meckel, Virchow, and 

 Funke, particularly in cases of intermittent fever and diseases of the 

 spleen (1. c.) 3, ^;flZe, fine-granular, roundish aggregations, in the blood 

 of the splenic vein (Funke). 4, peculiar concentric bodies, three to 

 four times larger than the white blood-cells, similar to those of the 

 thymus [vid. Henle, " Zeitsch. f. rat. Pathol.," Bd. VII. p. 44), found 

 by Hassall in fibrinous clots in the heart. 5, cells resembling pus-cor- 

 puscles, in tumors of the spleen and leuki^mia (Virchow) ; these bodies 

 are found in vast quantities, but, in their form, cannot in any way be 

 distinguished from the colorless blood-corpuscles. 6, caudate, p)ale or 

 pigmented cells (Virchow, "Arch.," II.) Besides these, should be no- 

 ticed, the morphological elements which are formed in the blood without 

 the body or in cases wliere the circulation has been obstructed — the 

 fibrinous coagula and crystals. The former are seen in coagulated 

 blood, usually in the form of fine, extremely closely interwoven fibrils, 

 disposed irregularly; occasionally as stronger, straiter fibres, having a 

 uniform width of 0-001-0-003 of a line ; not unfrequently also in the 

 shape of plates resembling epidermis scales (fibrinous flakes, Nasse). I 

 noticed crystals of a red color in normal blood in the year 1849 



Fig. 293. — 1, blood cells of the Frog: a, viewed on the side ; b, on the edge ; r, rendered 

 colorless by water. 2, Blood-cells of the Pigeon : a, viewed on the side ; 6, on the edge. 



• [Vid. Note, p. 707.— Trs.] 



