70 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [388 



between this species and its allies and other species of Dineura, hesitated 

 to agree with Thompson in associating it with Blennocampa. The vena- 

 tion certainly indicates close relationship between Dineura and Pseudo- 

 dineura. The latter is characterized in its larval stages by the leaf-mining 

 habit and structural modifications due to this mode of life, altho appar- 

 ently these do not constitute very striking distinctions if one may judge from 

 published records. Since previous authors failed to study the structures 

 of the head more carefully, and since these are of great taxonomic im- 

 portance, and also on account of the discrepancy between the larval 

 habits of the three genera in question, it is impossible to pass judgment on 

 their affinity until more is known with regard to their larval structures 

 and habits, particularly in the case of Pseudondineura. 



The life history of the subfamily has been recorded by Girard, Cameron, 

 and Brischke and Zaddach. The larvae of the American species are un- 

 known, and as none of the European species have been available for study 

 the definition of the Dineurinae here given is tentative, and is based on 

 descriptions and figures published by Cameron (1882) and by Brischke 

 and Zaddach (1883). 



Subfamily Cladiinae 



Larvae (Fig. 16) of small to medium size; body rather flattened, wider 

 than high, slightly tapering caudad, conspicuously hairy, greenish or with 

 segmentally arranged spots on dorsum darkly shaded; segmentation and 

 annulation usually distinct; third abdominal segment with four annulets, 

 annulets 1, 2, and 3 setiferous, setae, especially on annulets 2 and 3, 

 arising from wart-like tubercles, long, often curved, always microscopically 

 barbed, never branched, some of the setae distinctly longer than others; 

 annulet 4 narrow and glabrous; larvapods present on abdominal segments 

 2-7 and 10 well developed, long, distal portion often dilated, appearing as if 

 subdivided, often curved mesad, always with few setae; ventral glands small 

 but always present on abdominal segments 1-7; tenth abdominal tergum 

 without caudal protuberances but with many setae of varying length; 

 thoracic legs spreading flat laterad; femur with a ventro-distal projection, 

 subequal in length to tibia; antennae with four segments, subconical, large; 

 segment 1 complete or incomplete, segment 2 complete, thicker, dorsal or 

 caudo-dorsal portion with clear spaces, segment 3 smaller and narrower 

 than segment 2, segment 4 minute, conical; spiracles never winged; glandu- 

 bae small or obsolete; sericos usually very wide, occupying nearly four- 

 fifths of the width of the totaglossa; larvae external leaf-feeders. 



The Cladiinae is a small subfamily and according to MacGillivray 

 consists of six genera; Anoplonyx, Platycampus, Priophorus, Cladius, and 

 Trichiocampus. The first three genera are placed in the tribe Hemichroini 

 of his subfamily Nematinae by Rohwer (1911, 1918), who states that 



