311] 



PSEUDOPHYLLIDEA FROM FISHES— COOPER 



23 



The species has also been reported in Europe and Asia from the following 

 additional hosts: 



Larval stages: Abramis bjorkna, A. blicca, A. vimba, Alburnus alburnus, 

 Ammocoetes branchialis, A spins alburnus, Carassius car assius, C. vulgar is, Cobitis 

 aculeata, Cyprinus blicca, C. brama, C. carassius, C. gobio, C. lacusiris, C. leucis- 

 cus, C. tinea, Gobio fluviatilis, Leuciscus erythrophthalmus, L. leuciscus, L, 

 phoxinus, L. pulchellus, L. vulgaris, Lucioperca lucioperca, Squalius turcicus. 



Adult stages: Ardea alba, A. ciconia, A. egretta, Ciconia ciconia, C. nigra, 

 Colymbus auritus, C. cristatus, C. griseigena, C. rubricollis, C. septentrionalis, 

 C. subcristatus, Falco chrysaetos, F. fulvus, Larus canus, L. ntelanocephalus, L. 

 parasiticus, L. pelecanus carbonis, L. pygmaei, L. ridibundus, L. tridactylus, 

 Mergus albellus, M. merganser, M. minutus, Podiceps minor, P. nigricollis, 

 P. rubricollis. Sterna nigra, Totanus chloropus, Urinator stellatus, Xema ridi- 

 undum. 



As indicated in the above synonymy, the greatest confusion has existed 

 in connection with this species from the time of Linnaeus to that of Liihe 

 (1899), all of the older writers recognizing at least two species, the larval and 

 the adult, and many, several species under each of these. Rudolphi (1810), 

 for instance, accepted four species of the former, "ovariis occultatis," and 

 the same number of the latter, parasitic in the intestines of birds, "ovariis 

 distinctis." In his Entozoorum Synopsis (1819) he reduced the number of 

 larval species to two, but retained the same four adult forms as before. The 

 next important move in a systematic direction was by Creplin (1839) who 

 divided Rudolphi's L. simplicissima into two larval species, viz., L. monogram- 

 ma and L. digramma, corresponding respectively to the previously known L. 

 uniserialis and L. interrupta (or alternans), which plan was followed by Diesing 

 (1850, 1854, and 1863) while Dujardin (1845) and Baird (1853) followed Ru- 

 dolphi. Diesing (1850:581) erected a third species, L. reptans, to accommodate 

 numerous forms found encysted in the muscles and connective tissues of am- 

 phibians, reptiles, birds and mammals; but as pointed out by Janicki (1906:519) 

 several larval species were probably included under this heading. Those 

 from avian hosts are not given above since they were foimd only among the 



