18 ILLINOIS BIOLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS [236 



the right of priority of Festucaria Schrank he stated that he found no 

 reason to call back from oblivion that absolutely meaningless name. 

 "Ich habe mich bisher nicht veranlasst gef iihlt, diesen auch mir bekannten, 

 aber in der That ganzlich der Vergessenheit anheimgefallenen und prak- 

 tisch absolut bedeutungslosen Namen wieder ins Leben zuriickzurufen; 

 ich empfinde dafur auch heute noch keine Neigung und uberlasse deshalb 

 die Entscheidung der Frage mit Vergnugen denjenigen, die sich mehr 

 dafur interessieren." Luhe continued the discussion on the basis of the 

 priority of Festucaria Schrank and the deliberate renaming of Zeder. He 

 stated, however, that he believes Festucaria anatis Schrank (based on Goeze 

 1782, Taf. 13, Figs. 8-11) to be Echinostomum echinatum. However Ltihe 

 continued to use the genus name Monostoma Zeder. 



Stossich (1902) accepted Monostoma mutabile Zeder (1800) as the 

 earliest record of the group and approved its removal by Brandes (1892) 

 to the genus Cyclocoelum. He does not consider the priority of Festucaria 

 or the renaming by Zeder (1800) but Zeder says distinctly that Schrank 

 (1788) placed those worms with one sucker in a genus under the name 

 Festucaria and that he (Zeder) in conformance to the German system of 

 nomenclature wished to introduce the Greek term Monostoma which he 

 considered a more appropriate and characteristic name. 



Kossack (1911) cited the positions of Hoyle, Luhe, Looss and Stiles 

 previously mentioned; he then avoids the real situation by accepting only 

 the more generally recognized works and thus believes himself dealing 

 with a necessity, and also to be in full accord with the law of priority. 

 On this basis he omits from the discussion the genus name Festucaria and 

 substitutes for the old name Monostoma the more significant name 

 Cyclocoelum. 



It seems to the writer that the case at hand is clearly covered by 

 Article 32 of the International Rules of Zoological Nomenclature; and 

 after a careful study of the case the writer is led to accept Stiles' view and 

 to abide by the ruling of the International Commission according to which 

 the genus Monostoma Zeder (1800) becomes a synonym of Festucaria 

 Schrank (1788). The fact that Zeder did not include the original species, 

 Festucaria anatis, in his genus does not affect the case since the genus 

 name would remain with the type species; hence the redescribing of this 

 form by Zeder under the name Distoma anatis does not change the case 

 since in that event Festucaria falls with Monostoma into synonomy. Then 

 Festucaria strigis having been removed to the genus Strigea, whether 

 Festucaria anatis, is a distome (Zeder 1800), or an echinostome (Zeder 

 1803, Rudolphi 1809, and Luhe 1901), the case remains the same and can 

 be analyzed only as a direct renaming of the original form. Accordingly 

 the species of Monostoma Zeder fall in the genus Festucaria Schrank 1788. 

 The type is clearly Festucaria anatis. 



