4:) STRONG DRINK AND TOBACCO SMOKE. 



Six years afterwards the same king forbade brewers to 

 put into ale hops and sulphur. In the English laws hops 

 are mentioned for the first time in the fifth year of the 

 reign of" Edward VL, that is, in 1552, when some 

 privileges were granted to hop grounds. "\Ye may 

 therefore safely presume that they have been carefully 

 cultivated from that time until now, when the best 

 English hops are considered the finest and most deli- 

 cately flavoured in the world. 



The fruit of the plant (technically called strohilce), 

 which is so largely used in l^rewing, consists of a series 

 of delicate green, semi-transparent bracts, attached to a 

 common stalk (Plate 6, figs. 16, 23), and overlapping at 

 their edges in a very elegant manner. 



The seeds (fig. 18) are minute, flattened, conical, 

 berries of a light brown colour ; they are attached to the 

 bases of the bracts, which fold over at their lower edges 

 to afford them additional support ; and each inner 

 seed-containing bract is covered by another externally 

 (fig. 23). Attached to the outer seed-coat is a beautiful 

 transparent membrane (figs. 19, 24), and on this lie, in 

 countless numbers, minute golden-coloured oval bodies, 

 which are the Lupulite so valuable to the brewer. 

 These granules are abundant on the bracts, especially 

 at their bases, where the seed is lodg-ed ; thev are also 

 present in large quantities on the leaves of the plant 

 (Plate 8, fig. 25). 



When one of these granules is placed in water under 

 the microscope, and a drop of sulphuric or nitric acid is 



