STRONG DRINK AND TOBACCO S.VOh'/:. 47 



bird, or its lizard-like caterpillar : these feed on the 

 ' hU(jhts' most voraciously, a single grub clearing a 

 leaf, on which were forty or more, in the course of 

 a day. The perfect lady-bird is a decided enemy to 

 them,' but not so formidable a one as the grub. The 

 eggs of the lady-bird may often be seen oii the hop- 

 leaf ; they are yellow, and five or six in a cluster 

 placed on their ends ; these should on no account 

 be destroyed (as is too often the case), Irat, on the 

 contrary, every encouragement should be given to so 

 decided a friend to the hop-grower." 



Such is ]\lr. Newman's brief and lucid account of 

 the hop fly, and after reading it, one cannot feel 

 surprised that science, applied to the cultivation of 

 the hop, has not as yet supplied the means of subdu- 

 ing this troublesome pest. Of late years, the inability 

 of the hop-growers to pay the duty led to those frequent 

 interviews with the Chancellor of the Exchequer at the 

 Treasury for a further instalment of credit for payment 

 of the duty ; which, owing to its variable nature, was 

 finally abandoned. 



YEAST. 



According to Pereira, it was only in the year 1835 

 that the true vegetable nature of yeast was determined, 

 by a French chemist, Cagniard-Latour. Until his re- 

 searches were made into the nature of ferments, strong 

 doubts were entertained whether the plant was not 



