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intensively managed to ensure high quality, uniformity, and 

 freedom from pest infestation. Examples of such intensive 

 management are illustrated by the following practices, conducted 

 at a frequency ranging from daily to seasonally: 



Field Nursery Production 



- Field preparation (drainage, soil testing, plowing, tilling, 

 fertility and pH adjustment, addition of organic matter) 



- Planting (mechanical or by hand) 



- Budding and grafting 



- Pruning, training, and staking 



- Weed management (cultivation, herbicide application) 



- Animal damage control 



- Fertility management 



- Irrigation 



- Root pruning (to ensure adequate fibrous roots for survival of 

 plants after digging) 



- Pest management (includes pest monitoring, cultural controls, 

 pesticide applications, recordkeeping etc.) 



- Harvesting (hand or mechanical) 



- Post-harvest handling or storage 



Container Nursery Production 



- Growing media mixing/preparation 



- Planting/filling containers (hand, mechanical, or combination) 



- Moving to and placing in growing location 



- Spacing during growing season 



- Irrigation (daily during growing season. Usually mechanized/ 

 computerized. May involve capture, treatment and reuse of 

 water for conservation purposes, 



- Pruning, staking and spacing of plants as they grow 



- Weed control 



- Pest management (same as above) 



- Repotting (as plants grow, they may need to be repotted into 

 larger container) 



- Fertilization 



- Winter protection 



- Harvest 



Such intensive management practices are on-going regardless of 

 the type of plant crop involved. Even when growing nursery crops 

 which may have production cycles of one or more years, intensive 

 management throughout the production process is critical to 

 ensuring high-quality crops. 



