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* freshwater wetlands, marshes, swamps, shallows and similar areas that are 

 contiguous or adjacent to other navigable waters and that support 

 freshwater vegetation, where these areas are periodically inundated and 

 are normally characterized by the prevalence of vegetation that requires 

 saturated soil conditions for growth and reproduction; and 



* other waters the Corps determines necessitate regulation for the protection 

 of water quality as expressed in the guidelines-such as intermittent rivers, 

 streams, tributaries and perched wetlands that are not contiguous or 

 adjacent to previously identified navigable waters. 



In May 1977, President Carter issued Executive Order No. 1 1990, which addressed the 

 protection of wetlands on federal property. 



In 1977, the Corps issued revised regulations further clarifying its jurisdiction over 

 navigable waters, including isolated lakes and wetlands, intermittent streams, prairie 

 potholes, and certain other waters. These revised regulations included a specific 

 discussion of the Corps' jurisdiction over wetlands. 



In December 1977, Congress amended the FWPCA, retaining the scope of regulatory 

 authority over all discharges of dredged or fill material into any of the nation's waters. 



In September 1979, the Attorney General issues an opinion that the Administrator of the 

 Environmental Protection Agency ("EPA"), rather than the Secretary of the Army, has 

 the final administrative authority to interpret the meaning of the term "navigable waters. " 



In 1985, the EPA clarified federal jurisdiction over isolated wetlands used by migratory 

 birds. 



In 1985, the Supreme Court upholds regulation of adjacent wetlands {United States v. 

 Riverside Bayview Homes, Inc.). 



