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We also need to work very strongly, as I said, outside of bio- 

 logically rich areas on general development: intensive development 

 to relieve pressures on those wild areas. And we need to look at 

 the challenging matrix in between, which are those patches of mul- 

 tiple use of natural systems where we might achieve some benefits 

 of conversation, as well as some benefits of development. This is 

 where quite a bit of our challenge lies. But we can't forget: we need 

 all three pieces. We cannot concentrate on just one, and any pro- 

 gram should consider all three pieces. 



Also, in terms of multifaceted approaches, we need action, as has 

 been said, on both policy level as well as on the ground. We need 

 both policy and practice, or neither will succeed. We need to work 

 simultaneously on both levels. We also need to look at both biologi- 

 cal systems and socioeconomics. And finally, we need to collect inte- 

 grated information and put it into wise planning. 



Next we also must work on the basis of sound information. As 

 I said, we do not fully understand these systems: some have not 

 even been surveyed. We need initial information and we des- 

 perately need to monitor the situation, given the extent and nature 

 of what we are trying to do. We need to take the pulse of the sys- 

 tem, both biologically and socioeconomically. This will allow for 

 adaptive management and wise tolling designs of projects that are 

 appropriate reactions to the information that, is rolling in. And we 

 have to be patient as we wait for the results — as we work for the 

 results. 



Continued information collection can be considered monitoring. 

 This monitoring will also allow us to learn lessons from the activi- 

 ties we are undertaking, and I do not think we have done a very 

 good job of that so far. This kind of information is important. 

 Project people and funders often do not consider research a high 

 priority — this information collection is vital to any wise project de- 

 sign and/or implementation. 



Further, we absolutely have to increase active participation at all 

 levels. This has been mentioned today. We need local voices raised. 

 This is not easy. This would parallel some of our efforts in democ- 

 ratization, — looking for mechanisms for effective, local decision- 

 making, local voices in the national arena. We need to help foster 

 networks for indigenous and adaptive knowledge of good conserva- 

 tion or management practice, and get that practice transmitted and 

 extended to other areas. In other words, foster exchanges among 

 local peoples and among African nations. 



Furthermore, we desperately need technical training in Africa — 

 everything from barefoot biologists out in the field to people with 

 university and Masters degrees. It is very difficult to find qualified 

 or motivated people, and we need to flood the market so we end 

 up with people out in the field doing what needs to be done. This 

 education has to be practically based and linked to real problems, 

 and can range from on-the-job to very formal training. 



I think it's also important to maintain a small grants program 

 for Africans — This would have to be a risky, innovative program, 

 with small amounts of money available; much of which may not 

 produce tremendous results, but will be, in fact, an important 

 mechanism for training and professional development. 



