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However, the most effective way to protect our forests from introduced 

 pests is to prevent their entry into the United States, and the 

 proposed rule will contribute to this goal. 



Regulated Articles 



Because pests in the bark or deep within the wood are invisible to 

 inspectors, unprocessed logs are the most hazardous to import without 

 a pest risk analysis and appropriate prevention or control methods. 



Regulations for crating and dunnage are also important. This 

 unprocessed wood material, commonly used as packing for many products 

 in international trade, is also a potential source of forest pest 

 introductions . Dunnage may have been the source for the accidental 

 introduction of the European pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda . 

 discovered in the Lake States in 1992, and for this year's potential 

 introduction of another serious bark beetle, Ips typographus into New 

 Jersey. 



The highest probability of foreign pest establishment is from 

 countries with a climate and host trees similar to the United States. 

 However, forest insects and diseases have proven to be highly 

 adaptable and shifts of pests to new hosts have been documented. 

 Therefore, pests from countries with trees and climates unlike those 

 found in the U.S. should still be considered as threats to our 

 forests. 



