86 



Chapter 4— The Application of Decisionmaking Methods 1 119 



Box 4-B— Continued 



A recent disco«fy may render the timt)er import risk mitigation efforts moot at least tor ttie Asian gypsy mo<h. 

 Wtiile APHIS and the Forest Service were looking at the chances it would arrive on togs, the Asian gypsy moth 

 arrived in the Padtic Northwest dinging to grain ships. The risk of this pathway had been overtooked. A $1 4 million 

 to $20 million program of Ixoadcast t)iopestidde spraying, trapping, and nx)nitoring has been implemented by 

 Federal and State officials to stop what the Deputy Director of the VVtastiington Departrnent of Agriculture sakJ "has 

 the potential to be the most serious exotic insect ever to enter the U.S." An information program was also initiated 

 to keep shippers that trade in high^^sk Far Eastern ports from inadvertenSy transporting more moths. While officials 

 have found no more Asian gypsy moths in the Padfic Northwest to date, their ultirrate success in eradicating this 

 pest remains uncertain. 



SOURCES: AwjeiaUd Pt»»^ "ForMt Bujiboo-IHum Owr Otoamy al Aran Gypiy Moli*- SuNto nmi/Patt kntUgmett. Nov. 

 24. 1991, p. &^; A. CiuK. Piosram SupwviMr, P««t Eidiaion Branch. C«lilonil« D«p«rtnwnt o( Afltwitw*. S«3«r>««o. CA. parMnal 

 cornmuracatkMi to P. J«*Jm. 0(flc» al T«ci»iotojy A»3M»m«n1. F»«). 14, 1991; P. 0«F«io. U.S. Hous* of R«prM«««tl¥M •! •).. I»n«r 

 to C.K. Y»un»f. S«i»ury, US. 0»p«nmwl o( AsnoJtiM. Wajhmaton. DC, Ok. S. 1990; J.D. Ijttln, Prot^Mw of Ertomotogy, Ortflon 

 Stat* Univ»r«ity, pwMnal communication id P. J»n(orB. Otflca of TocJinology A»»«sm«m. Jan. 31, 1991; J.D. ijttin, Prolanoc <* 

 Entomology, Oragon Stat* Umvarjity, mamorandum to B. Wnglil Admmistratoc. Plant Owion. Oragon DaparBnant of Ajncuttura. Salam. 

 OK Nov. 1, 1990; R. Moms, Dtvwon Ra««caf Managar, Louoiana-Paafic Corp, Samoa. CA. imamaJ mamocanOum to a PWDips. Oac. 

 19. 1990: U. Shannon. Chlaf Opacattng Oftloaf lor Planning and Oatlgn. Animal and Plam Haalth InapacUon Sarvtca. U.S. Daparlmanl ot 

 Agflcultura, HyatOvilla, MD, paraonal oommumeatjona to P. Janteu. Otfioa of TacJinology Aasaasmant. Fab. 5. 1991 and Mar. 2. 1992 

 U.S. Dapanmant ot Agncultura, Animal and Plam HaaJth Inspaetion Sarvica. Hyattawlla. MO. "USDA Placw Tampotary Prohibition on Entry 

 of Sibanan Logs Baauaa of Paats,- praM rataaaa, Dae 20. 1990: U.S. Dapanmant of Agrtcultura. -An Efficacy Ravtaw of Control Ma aauraa 

 for Potantial Pans of Imporlad Soviat Timbar.- Mlsoallanaous Publication No. 1496 (HyattsvlUa, MD: Animal and Plam Haalth ln»p«:llon 

 Sarvloe. Saptambar 1991 ); U.S. Dapanmam of Agncultura, Forait Sarvloa. "Past Risk Assaaamam of tha Importation of Larch From SIbana 

 and tha Sovwt Far East." Macsllanaous Publicalion No. 1495 {Washington. DC, Saptambar 1991 ): D.L Wtood, Profatsor of Entomology, 

 and F.W. Cobb, Jr., Profaasor of Plant Pathology, Univ. of California. BaiValay. lattar to Daan Cromwall, Calitomia Stata Board of Forastry 

 atal_ Sacramano, CA. Oac 11. 1990. 



Fish and Wildlife Service— PVS does far less 

 than APHIS in analyzing lisks from injurious fish 

 and wildlife (26). The current Lacey Act dirty list 

 is shon (prohibiting 2 families, 13 genera, and 6 

 species), and FWS uses no checklist or other 

 standardized procedure to analyze risks from 

 other imported species. While APHIS inspects 

 incoming agricultural livestock for diseases, FWS 

 has no procedure for refusing entry to the 

 remaining unlisted and non-agricultural fish and 

 wildlife. 



Service officials acknowledge the need for 

 better evaluation of risks from unlisted NIS: "it 

 would be desirable to improve internal Service 

 procedures for modifying the list of injurious 

 wildlife ... by establishing listing criteria and 

 procedures" (54). The Intentional Introductions 

 Policy Review conducted by the Federal intera- 

 gency Aquatic Nuisance Species Task Force 

 represents one attempt to do so for aquatic species 

 (see ch. 6) (17). Much of the responsibility in this 



area rests with State agencies, many of which lack 

 the necessary regulatory authority and/or re- 

 sources to adequately address these risks (ch. 7). 



ANALYSIS OF CONTROL OR ERADICATION 

 EFFORTS 



Although risk analysis primarily focuses on 

 preventing harmful invasions, it also assists in 

 setting priorities for control of established, un- 

 wanted NIS. In agricultural applications this 

 tactical decisionmaking is part of Integrated Pest 

 Management programs (ch. 5). Farmers use a 

 variety of systems based on factors like pest 

 population size (determined by sampling); weather; 

 and crop stage for efficient allocation of pesti- 

 cides, cultivation practices, and other control 

 measures. Some systems have been developed for 

 area-wide agriculture and forestry control pro- 

 jects. These systems, in large part computerized, 

 guide responses to important pests such as the 

 European gypsy moth {Lymantria dispar). 



