144 



I might say what he has done is to take only a short period of time 

 relative to this graph, that is the last 10 years. 



This graph covers 40 years and changed the scaling to expand it 

 so that a small secondary effect was magnified. The small second- 

 ary effect that he is talking about which he found surprising should 

 not have been. It has been well documented, it is in the literature 

 and in 1974 was reported by one of the investigators in our labora- 

 tory. 



That is simply, if you ventilate a cigarette by the tip, tip ventila- 

 tion, all the constituents of the smoke do not behave in the same 

 fashion. And there is a slight lesser decrease in nicotine and other 

 similar substances, it is not alone in that respect, then there is tar, 

 but there is also a selective decrease in other components which de- 

 crease beyond that of tar and one is carbon monoxide. This has 

 been around for a long time and is well known. 



I think what he has done is to magnify a small portion of this 

 graph to try to raise a question about it. I think it clearly shows 

 that these do go parallel over this period of time. 



The second chart that I have is the current tar and nicotine data 

 on 483 brands, again the Federal Trade Commission method of 

 measuring the tar and nicotine. And what we have done here is 

 simply run a simple correlation between tar and nicotine over all 

 483 brands with a near perfect correlation between tar and nicotine 

 of 0.975. 



I do find this easy and convincing proof that there is not some 

 sort of manipulation of nicotine occurring that is independent of 

 tar, but rather that they co-vary over all these brands in a remark- 

 able fashion, that is tar and nicotine co-vary, nicotine follows tar. 



We do not add nicotine to our products except in two insignifi- 

 cant and incidental cases, and these have been raised by other in- 

 dividuals in some of the ABC programming that the use of dena- 

 tured alcohol was a significant source of nicotine and a method of 

 replacing nicotine in tobacco. That is not true. 



The formula for denatured alcohol indicates that it contains 200 

 parts per 1 million nicotine and with the amounts that are typi- 

 cally used as a vehicle in the flavoring of tobacco, you would expect 

 as much as 2 parts to 3 parts per 1 million in tobacco, something 

 that is insignificant and incidental. 



The amount of nicotine from those sources and tobacco extracts 

 which are occasionally used to enhance the flavor characteristic of 

 a certain type of tobacco, which do contain some nicotine, but in 

 the amounts used as a source of nicotine, totally insignificant. 



The two together produce levels on products that are too small 

 to be measured by any conventional measuring process. 



One of the processes for the production of reconstituted sheet 

 which is used to manufacture cigarettes does involve a temporary 

 separation and reapplication of water soluble components including 

 nicotine. This process which is well described in the published lit- 

 erature, including three Surgeon General report results in a nico- 

 tine reduction in the finished product. 



This occurs due to both losses of nicotine in the process and the 

 materials that are used to make the reconstituted sheet which in 

 part incorporates stems and veins of the leave which are much, 

 much lower in nicotine than is the leaf laminate. 



