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app««red to show lower mortality rates with lower tar and nicotine 

 levels.' ** This Information was used as a basis for promoting 

 cigarettes and was believed accurate by the public even though a close 

 look at the studies produced many questions about their results, as 

 explained In the following excerpt fro* an article by G.H. MUler: 



"..The studies compared Individuals who smoked filter cigarettes 

 for more than 10 years with individuals who were lifetime nonf liter 

 cigarette smokers and with those who had smoked filter cigarettes 

 for less than 10 years. This comparison Introduces a bias, because 

 t*^ose who smoked filter cigarette* only are almost exclusively from 

 'ci\e lower age groups. Therefore, such differences In age cohorts 

 would lead to a lower cancer mortality rate for filter cigarette 

 smohers. Also, tables showing mortality rates for ex-smokers that 

 were higher than those of smokers make such studies unreliable.... 

 Studies ... confirmed ... Increased levels of carbon monoxide ... 

 reduce arterial flow. Increase the Incidence of^angln* attacks, and 

 Increase deaths from cardiovascular disease.* ^ 



The Federal Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act was made law In 1965, 

 requiring on all cigarette packages the health warning, "Caution: 

 Cigarette Smoking May be Hazardous to Your Health." The law required 

 regular reports from the Department of Health, Education and Welfare 

 (HEW) on the health consequences of sisoklng as a way to monitor 

 scientific developments. In 1965, the National Clearinghouse on Smoking 

 and Health was created. 



In June 1966, the Public Health Service Issued a report of 14 prominent 

 scientific Investigators who met at the Invitation of the surgeon general 

 to review medical knowledge on the significance of the tar and nicotine 

 content of cigarettes. The group reported that: "The preponderance of 

 scientific evidence strongly suggests that the lower the tar and nicotine 



