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encompassed the entire spectrum of subjects relevant to nicotine 

 pharmacology. Studies have ranged from basic work on nicotine 

 receptors and nicotine analogues to human psychopharmacology 

 studies. The existence of these research programs means that the 

 cigarette industry is knowledgeable about all aspects of the 

 pharmacology of nicotine. 



While there is a very large body of published research on 

 the pharmacology of nicotine, there is remarkably little on the 

 contribution nicotine makes to the taste and flavor of tobacco 

 products. In fact, apart from a few patents in which 

 experimental cigarettes were assessed for flavor, taste, 

 harshness and the like, I cannot recall a single published study 

 since the 1930s in which this aspect was a central focus of the 

 research.' 



Cigarette Smoke Inhalation is Intended by the Manufacturers. 



Cigarettes are designed to facilitate inhalation, and 

 nicotine from cigarettes can only be absorbed by inhalation. 

 This is deliberate and intentional on the part of the 

 manufacturers . 



' The existence of J^ext, the denicotinized cigarette from 

 Philip Morris, suggests that substantial quantities of nicotine 

 are not necessary for the achievement of characteristic tobacco 

 taste and flavor. Philip Morris offered this product in three 

 different packagings: as Next, as Merit de-Nic and as Benson & 

 Hedges de-Nic. It is inconceivable that a company as careful 

 about its products as Philip Morris would have done this unless 

 it knew from careful premarket testing that these products 

 provided the taste sensations of conventional cigarettes. 



