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structure or function of the body. The sales weighted average 

 nicotine level has been level for more than a decade, and the 

 actual nicotine taken in by smokers is substantially higher than 

 this curve would suggest. Moreover, the decline came as a 

 consequence of an unprecedented marketing campaign that was 

 designed at least in large part to persuade smokers to switch to 

 low tar cigarettes instead of to stop smoking altogether (Warner 

 and Slade, 1992) . 



Objections from cigarette makers that their finished 

 products contain less nicotine than are in the raw materials are 

 not persuasive that cigarettes are not intended to affect the 

 structure or function of the body. The average nicotine content 

 of finished cigarette tobacco today appears, on average, to 

 actually be more than it was in 1952. After processing, 

 cigarettes still contain enough nicotine to easily sustain 

 addiction to nicotine. 



A major accomplishment of the many advances in cigarette 

 engineering over the last 4 years has been the achievement of 

 precise control and uniformity over nicotine delivery. This 

 achievement was not even conceived of as possible by the federal 

 government in 1950. This achieved consistency of nicotine 

 delivery probably enhances the addictiveness of cigarettes since 

 customers are able to more confidently obtain the precisely 

 desired intake of nicotine from moment to moment. 



In 1973, only a few years after his employer had been 

 granted the patent on spiking cigarette filters with nicotine 



