455 



468 



Smoking behaviors (puffing and breathing pallems). Subjects' pufT- 

 iDg and breathing patterns were monitored for all cigarettes 

 smoked during the study PufTing patterns were measured usmg 

 a system developed at the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, similar 

 to the system of Rawbone et al. (1978; see also Creighton et al. 

 1978). Breathing patterns were monitored using an inducuve pleth- 

 ysmography system (Non-lnvasive Monitoring Systems, Miami. 

 FL, USA; set Tobin and Sackner 1982). 



EEC and heart rate. During EEC and HR recording, subjects sat 

 in a comfortable chair in a dimly-lil, electronically shielded, and 

 soundproof room. EEC was recorded from Sn electrodes placed 

 at 1 8 scalp loci referred to the nose (forehead ground). These loci 

 corresponded to the 19 standard scalp loci of the international 

 10-20 system, with Fpz substituted for Fpl/Fp2. Heart rate was 

 recorded from an electrode placed on the left shoulder also referred 

 to Ihe nose. High- and low-pass filter sellings of I and 30 Hz 

 (12dB/octave rolloff) were employed with a digitization rate of 

 128 Hz and 8 bits A/D precision. EEG and HR data were stored 

 on computer disk for later off-line analysis. 



Design Subjects reported for testing at 0830 hours following 48-h 

 abstention from tobacco-product use The EEG and HR electrodes 

 were attached, followed by two elastic bands for recording the 

 breathing patterns. The catheter was then inserted. Two recording 

 conditions were employed. In the first, subjects rested comfortably 

 with their eyes closed for 30 s In the second, they stared at a 

 fixation point on the wall and tned not to bUnk for 30 s. The 

 two conditions together will be referred lo as one "recording 

 block " Across the study, the order of the two recording conditions 

 was counterbalanced across recording blocks. 



After subjects were sealed in Ihe testing chamber and all record- 

 ing equipment calibrated, the following experimental schedule was 

 employed (Fig. I); an initial blood sample was drawn. Subjects 

 then expenenced Iwo baseline recording blocks, followed by a sec- 

 ond blood sample. The subjects then "sham-smoked " (puffed an 



un-Iit Test cigarette) by taking eight cued puffs, each puff spaced 

 30 s apart. This was followed by a third blood sample and record- 

 ing block Subjects next smoked the Test agaretie ad libitum. Blood 

 samples were drawn at 1. 3, i, and 8 min post-lighung of the ciga- 

 rette. Smoking was followed by a 4th and 5th recording block, 

 which were followed by a 7-min rest period. Another blood sample 

 and a 6th recording block followed the end of the rest penod 

 (approximately 18 min after first lighting the Test eigarelie). The 

 "18 min" sample for the Test agarelte served as the "baseline" 

 sample for the Control agarette 



Subjects next smoked the Control cigarette ad libitum Blood 

 samples were again drawn al 1. 3, 5, and 8 mm posi-lightmg of 

 the cigarette. This was followed by a 7th and 8th recording block 

 to finish the experimental session. Plasma nicotine and colinine 

 concentrations were subsequently determined for all the blood sam- 

 ples drawn. Expired breath samples for CO analysis were obtained 

 immediately before hghting and 5 min posS-Ughting each agarette. 

 %COHb determinations were made for whole-blood samples 

 drawn al the same lime the expired-air samples were collected. 



Results 



The level of significance chosen was 0.05. Effects with 

 P values under 0.10 are reported as "marginally signifi- 

 cant". The primary method of hypothesis testing was 

 analysis of variance (ANOVA). Significance levels were 

 Greenhouse-Geisser corrected where appropriate. 

 Where necessary, ANOVA was followed by post-hoc 

 tests according to the method of SchefTe (Bruning and 

 Kintz 1987). 



Plasma nicotine 



EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 



48 Hour TobiCCO Product ADiTtfltion 



Pripirinon of Si«|Kts tor RKorOxo' Blood S«iT«lif<g 



Average plasma nicotine rise (increase from baseline) 

 data are presented in Fig. 2. At the 5 min post-hghting 

 sample, statistically significant increases m plasma nico- 

 tine concentration were seen for both cigarettes tested. 

 Smoking the Test cigarette resulted in an average rise 

 in nicoti.ic concentration of 3.63 ng/ml [f(4) = 3.43, P< 



Basobw Slood Strnpl. - EEG ftaeordHig BtocM U2 — - Blood Simple 



Fig. 1. Schematic of testing procedures used. Each recording 

 block' consisted of one 30-s "eyes<losed" and one 30-s "eyes- 

 open " recording 



5 8 18/0 \y 

 MINUTES POST UGHTING 



Fig. 2. Average plasma nicoline rise dunng the smoking of (he 

 Test and Control cigarettes. Peak plasma nicotine rise occurred 

 5 min post-lighting for both cigarettes. Plasma nicotine concentra- 

 tions were significantly elevated over baseline al S mm post lighting 

 for the Test cigarette and at 3, S, and 8 mm post lighting for the 

 Control. Smoking the Control cigarette resulted in a significantly 

 larger increase in plasma nicotine concentration compared lo 

 smoking the Test 



