637 

 f»i Tobacco Use Compared to Other Drug Dependen- 



rfiarmacologic and behavioral processes that determine 

 addiction are similar to those that determine addiction 



^drugs such as heroin and cocaine. 



ivironmental factors including drug-associated stimuli and 

 pressure are important influences of initiation, patterns 

 'use, quitting, and relapse to use of opioids, alcohol, nicotine, 

 other addicting drugs. 

 3. Many persons depjendent upon opioids, alcohol, nicotine, or 

 other drugs are able to give up their drug use outside the 

 context of treatment programs; other persons, however, re- 

 quire the assistance of formal cessation programs to achieve 

 lasting drug abstinence. 



Relapse to drug use often occurs among persons who have 

 achieved abstinence from opioids, alcohol, nicotine, or other 

 drugs. 

 i^ 6. Behavioral and pharmacologic intervention techniques with 

 demonstrated efficacy are available for the treatment of 

 - . addiction to opioids, alcohol, nicotine, and other drugs. 



y*- 



IP 



Chapter VI: Effects of Nicotine That May Promote Tobacco 

 Dependence 



1. After smoking cigarettes or receiving nicotine, smokers per- 

 form better on some cognitive tasks (including sustained 

 attention and selective attention) than they do when deprived 

 of cigarettes or nicotine. However, smoking and nicotine do not 

 improve general learning. 



2. Stress increases cigarette consumption among smokers. Fur- 

 ther, stress has been identified as a risk factor for initiation of 

 smoking in adolescence. 



3. In general, cigarette smokers weigh less (approximately 7 lb 

 less on average) than nonsmokers. Many smokers who quit 

 smoking gain weight. 



4. Food intake and probably metabolic factors are involved in the 

 inverse relationship between smoking and body weight. There 

 is evidence that nicotine plays an important role in the 

 relationship between smoking and body weight. 



Chapter VII: Treatment of Tobacco Dependence 



1. Tobacco dependence can be treated successfully. 



2. Effective interventions include behavioral approaches alone 

 and behavioral approaches with adjunctive pharmacologic 

 treatment. 



15 



