651 



Mr. Wyden. It is a statement from the American Psychological 

 Association presented to this subcommittee in 1988. Now, the 

 American Psychological Association is, of course, a professional as- 

 sociation of psychologist, and it's got 70,000 members. And they 

 agree with the Surgeon General's conclusion, one, that cigarette 

 and other forms of tobacco are addicting, nicotine is the drug in to- 

 bacco that causes addiction, and it is the pharmacologic and behav- 

 ioral processes that determine tobacco addiction are similar to 

 those that determine addiction to drugs, again, such as heroine and 

 cocaine. 



Are we correct in assuming that you disagree also with the 

 American Psychological Association? 



Mr. Campbell. Yes, I do. And a lot of other people do as well. 



Mr. Wyden. Now, we have a third group, the American Psy- 

 chiatric Association. And they have described, also, the addictive 

 properties of nicotine. The American Psychiatric Association has 

 39,000 members. I'd like to give you now Exhibit 3, it's called the 

 Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders. 



They recognize dependence as a psychoactive substance abuse 

 disorder. I'll let the staff give you this. 



I quote here. "People with this disorder are often distressed be- 

 cause of their inability to stop nicotine use, particularly when they 

 have serious physical symptoms. In many cases they may experi- 

 ence a period of nicotine withdrawal lasting from days to weeks. 

 The relapse rate is greater than 50 percent in the first 6 months, 

 and at least 70 percent in the first 12 months." 



The American Psychiatric Association goes on to state, nicotine 

 withdrawal is, quote, "an organic mental syndrome and disorder." 

 This disorder includes craving for nicotine, irritability, frustration 

 or anger, difficulty concentrating, restlessness, decreased heart 

 rate, increased appetite or weight gain. 



Are we, again, correct in saying that you disagree with the Amer- 

 ican Psychiatric Association? 



Mr. Campbell. I do. And, again, many of these symptoms that 

 are being described here are not accurate. And, you know, I stand 

 beside the fact that 90 percent of the 40 million smokers who have 

 quit have quit without any assistance. 



Mr. Wyden. Let's just keep building this mountain of evidence, 

 if we could, from these medical experts because I'd like to refer you 

 to Exhibit 4 where the American Medical Association, has also 

 taken a position on the issue. They have 270,000 members who are 

 doctors. I assume that you are aware that the AMA has identified 

 nicotine as a drug of addiction. Do you disagree with the American 

 Medical Association as well? 



Mr. Campbell. I don't have the documents, but I do not believe 

 ihat cigarette smoking is addictive. 



Mr. Wyden. All right. The World Health Organization, a fifth or- 

 ganization, has taken the position that nicotine is addictive. Just 

 so we get you this exhibit, they are, of course, the premier inter- 

 national public health organization. 



[Exhibits 4 and 5 follow:] 



