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Mr. Wyden. They have stated that nicotine administration can 

 lead to tolerance and physiological dependence. The withdrawal 

 syndrome includes a craving for nicotine, impaired ability to con- 

 centrate, disruptive cognitive performance, mood changes, impaired 

 brain function. Am I correct in saying that you disagree with this 

 organization as well? 



Mr. Campbell. Yes, that's correct. And would you like to hear 

 some scientific opinion on this from my standpoint as well, or not? 



Mr. Wyden. Why don't — if you could state it briefly, that'd be 

 fine. You know, to me, the evidence, from the medical experts is 

 overwhelming. It is unanimous. And what we will have seen in the 

 course of the hearing that we even see the results of suppressed 

 industry research that demonstrates addiction. 



And I'm really struck by the fact that if you just go ask your cus- 

 tomers, you'll find that this is addictive. Again, and again, I hear 

 from smokers at home saying that they just cannot stop. 



And yet in spite of this enormous amount of evidence that nico- 

 tine is addictive, in spite of the fact that all of these recognized 

 medical leaders in a unanimous fashion say that nicotine is addict- 

 ive, you all come before us and say, no. 



So I would be happy to hear any arguments you have that sup- 

 port your point of view? 



Mr. Campbell. Would you like to hear from my scientist, sir? 



Mr. Wyden. Mr. Chairman? That would be fine by me? 



Mr. Campbell. Dr. Ellis, would you comment on the definitions 

 of addiction? 



Ms. Ellis. Yes, Mr. Wyden. I think at issue here is a scientific 

 definition of addiction. I do not believe that there is a consensus 

 in the scientific community on the criteria necessary to classify a 

 substance as additive. And, in fact, the lay community freely asso- 

 ciates the word "addictive" to food substances such as chocolate and 

 exercise. Therefore, it is a very complicated question which re- 

 quires an extremely complicated answer. 



The psychologists are not pharmacologists, nor are the medical 

 community pharmacologists. The strict pharmacological definition 

 of addiction involves three different criteria. They are, intoxication, 

 physical dependence, and tolerance. And to my knowledge there is 

 no evidence that nicotine or cigarette smoking plays in any of these 

 definitions. 



Mr. Wyden. Tell me, if you would, because we have thousands 

 of medical experts coming to us and saying nicotine is addicting. 

 Certainly the Surgeon General, with a full report on the subject 

 has spoken to it. What are your qualifications, and who pays your 

 salary? 



Dr. Ellis. Mr. Wyden, I have a Ph.D. in pharmacology, and I'm 

 the director of research for Philip Morris U.S.A. 



Mr. Waxman. Would the gentleman yield to me? 



Mr. Wyden. I'd be happy to yield. 



Mr. Waxman. I find it amazing when you have the scientific com- 

 m.unity, and we're not talking about just some people involved in 

 this issue, we have the Surgeon General of the IJnited States, the 

 American Medical Association, the American Psychological Associa- 

 tion, the American Psychiatric Association, the World Health Orga- 

 nization, all coming to the conclusion as they look at the issue of 



