789 



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 



The authors ackncr* ledge uSe assisuince of Elrick-La^xjge Inc in ib« supeiMSJon and rtcruiung ofNOlunieers 

 and sample collection: Dr Roger A. Novak. Bomston Research Laboraiones Inc.. for ihc anal\sis of plasma 

 cotinine; Dr Nea! L Beoowitz and Dr Peyion Jacob III, San Francisco General MedicaJ Center, for the 

 plasma nicotine anal>-scs. The authors also thank Dr. J. Van Rossum, Univcnily of Nijmegett, The Neth- 

 erlands. Dr. T. D. Darb>. University of South Carolina: Dr. G. L Plaa, University of Montreal: Dr. L. 

 Deuli, Lniversiiy of Basel S*iucrUnd; and Dr. E. F Domino. Uni>eisity of Michigan. 



REFERENCES 



1. Anonymous ( 1984V Can w« have less hazardous agarettes? Lancet 2, 1 167. 



2. .ARMiT^CE, A. K_ (1973). Some recent observations relating to the absorption of nicotine from tobacco 



smoke. In Smokutg Behavior: Motives and Incentives (W. L Dunn, ed.). Winston, Washington. 



DC. 

 3 ASHTON, H. STEir^ry. R. a.vo Thompson, J. W. (1979). Sdf titration by cigarette smokers. Brit. Med. 



J 2,357-360. 

 .* ASHTON, H., STEPNFir, R.. AND THOMPSON, J. W. (1981). Should intake of carton monoxide be used 



as a guide to intake of other smoke constituents? Brit. Med J 2S2. 10-13. 

 5. BENOwrrz, N. L. Jacob, P., Jones, R. T., a.sd Rosenberg, J. (1982). Intenndividual variability in 



the metabolism and cardiovascular effects of nicotine in man. / Pharmacol Exp Ther. 221. 368- 



372. 



6 Benowitz, N. L.. Kuyt. P., and Jacob. P. (1982) Circadian Wood nicoune concentrations dunng 



cigarette smoking. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 32(6), 758-764. 



7 BE.N0W1T2, N. L, H^LuS. M , Herning, R. 1. Jacob, P., Jones, R. T. and ABDEL-L>nF,0.( 1983). 



Smokers of lo* yield cigarettes do not consume less nicotine. .V Engl J. Med 309, 139-142. 

 8. Benowitz, N. L., Kirrr, P., Jacob, P.. Jones, R. T., and abdeulatif, O. ( 1983). Cotinme disposition 



and effects. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 34, 604-61 1. 

 9 Benowitz, N. L. and Jacob, P. (1984). Daily intake of nicotine during cigarette smokjng. Clin. 



Pharmacol. Ther 35. 499-504. 



10. Bro^'NE, C L, Keith, C. H.. and Allen, R. E. (1980). The effect of filter ventilation on the yield 



and composition of mainstream and sidestream smokes. Beitr Tabakforsch. Int 10, 81-90. 



1 1. Doll, R. (1978). An epidemiological pcrspeaive of the bioiogy of cancer. Cancer Res 3S, 3573-3583. 



12. Ebert. R. v.. McNaBB, McE.. McCusicer, K. T., antj Snow, S. L (1983). Amount of nicotine and 



carbon monoxide inhaled by smokers of low-tar, low-nicotine cigarettes. / Amer. Med. Assoc. 250, 

 2840-2842. 



13. Federal Trade CoaimissiotJ (1967). Cigarettes: Testing for ta/ ai>d nicotine content— Sutements of 



considerations. Fed. Regist. 32, 1 i 1 78. 



1 4. Federal Trade Commission ( 1 983). "Tar. "Sicotine and Carbon Monoxide of the Smoke of 208 Varieties 



of Domestic Cigarettes Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 



15. Feyerabend, C, a-ND Russell, M. a. H. (1980). Assay of nicotine in biological materials: Sources of 



contamination aiKl their elimination. / Pharm. Pharmacol. 32, 178-181. 



16. Folsom. a. R., Pechacek, T. p., DeGaude.maris. R.. Luepker, R. v., Jacobs, D. R., and Billum. 



R. P. (1984). Consumption of "low-yield" cigarettes: Its frequcfKy and relationship to serum ihio- 

 cyanatc. Amer J. Public Health 74. 564-568. 



17. George, T. W., and ICejth, C. H. (1967). The selective Utratioa of tobacco smoke, lo Tobacco and 



Tobacco Smoke (E. L Wynder and D. Hoffmann, eds.). Academic Press, New Yoft. 



18. GORi, G. B., AND Bock. F. G. (1980). A Safe Cigarette? Banbury Report No. 3 Cold Spring Harbor 



Laboratory, Cofcl Spring Harbor, N. Y. 



19. GORi, G. B., AND Lynch, C. J. (1983). Smoker intake from cigareites in the 1-mg Federal Trade 



Commission tar dass. ReguJ. Toxicol. Pharmacol. X 110-120. 



20. Grptz, E. R.. Baer-Weiss, V., Benowttz, N. L, VanVunakb, H, and Jarvik, M. L (1981). Plasma 



nicotine and ctilinine cotHxntrations in habitual smokeless tobacco users. Clin. Phannacol Ther. 

 30.201-209. 



21. Haley. N. J., Axelroo, C. M.. and Tilton, K. A. (1983). Validatioo of self- reporting smoking 



behavior. Biochemical analysis of cotinine and thiocyaoate. Amtr. J. Public Health 31, 1204-1207. 



