28 



Mr. DeNoble. That's correct. I think the significance of the self- 

 administration is only — is in part because it was a rat model. And 

 if you can understand the biochemistry of this system, if you can 

 understand how drugs interact in the brain, you need to run doz- 

 ens if not hundreds of animals. So the significance — other people 

 had already been doing this from 1984 on, but the rat model wasn't 

 developed until 1989. 



Mr. Waxman. Thank you very much. Mr. Bliley? 



Mr. Bliley. Thank you, Mr. Chairman. Dr. DeNoble, Dr. 

 Henningfield and the Surgeon General have testified before this 

 subcommittee that nicotine use creates a physiological dependence. 

 They have testified that such dependence is important because it 

 shows that nicotine use is addicting. Isn't it true that while you 

 were working at Philip Morris, you told your superiors that your 

 experiments showed that nicotine use does not create a physio- 

 logical dependence? 



Mr. DeNoble. That's true. We demonstrated that in at least two 

 separate experiments. 



Mr. Bliley. Thank you. Dr. Henningfield works at the National 

 Institute on Drug Abuse. In 1979, NIDA published a report titled, 

 "National Institute on Drug Abuse Technical Review on Cigarette 

 Smoking As An Addiction." Isn't it true that while you were em- 

 ployed at Philip Morris, you reported to your superiors that most 

 of the evidence in this report was, quote, "Fancy", rather than fact? 

 And that, in fact, NIDA had chosen the researchers used in this re- 

 port in a biased way so that NIDA could claim publicly that ciga- 

 rette smoking was an addiction? 



Mr. DeNoble. I don't know that I said that. If I could get a — 

 it's very possible that I reviewed those documents, but I don't know 

 that those are my words. 



Mr. Bliley. After this report by the NIDA came out, you did 

 your experiments in which you carefully examined whether or not 

 nicotine use created a physiological dependence, and you found that 

 nicotine use did not create a physiological dependence? You then 

 reported this to Philip Morris? 



Mr. DeNoble. That's correct. The models we used were at the 

 time, in the 1980's, were excellent models. The animals are very 

 highly motivated in these models. And the animals clearly would 

 show a physical dependence to things like alcohol and barbiturates. 

 But we did not find it with nicotine. 



Mr. Bliley. You also did experiments while at Philip Morris to 

 determine if — and I'll try this word — acetaldehyde use caused phys- 

 iological dependence, and you found that acetaldehyde use did not 

 create a physiological dependence? 



Mr. DeNoble. Yes. We used the same experiments that we did 

 with nicotine. 



Mr. Bliley. You also did experiments while at Philip Morris to 

 determine whether injections of acetaldehyde and nicotine mixed 

 together caused physiological dependence. And you found that acet- 

 aldehyde and nicotine mixed together did not cause a physiological 

 dependence? 



Mr. DeNoble. That is correct. 



Mr. Bliley. We have been told by other witnesses that because 

 animals will self-administer nicotine, this is proof that nicotine is 



