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oversight of what is happening with tobacco in this country. We 

 have heard from tobacco executives who, I believe, are more fo- 

 cused on corporate survival than on corporate responsibility. 



Two of the three criteria for drug addiction were known to be 

 present in cigarettes in animal tests as early as 1983, according to 

 the two of you in your testimony today, which is under oath. And 

 not only that, the president of Philip Morris was told this informa- 

 tion. 



I think there is a code of corporate conduct which we expect 

 every corporation in this country to follow, and that is not to come 

 before the Congress and deny everything and accept no responsibil- 

 ity. I expect this is not our last hearing on this subject 



I think we need to get, for the record, a lot of responses to what 

 you had to say. That's only the fair thing to do, but I think we've 

 uncovered enough information for which I think we ought to get a 

 response from these companies, particularly Philip Morris because 

 that is the one that you talked about, but others as well, as to how 

 much they've known, what they knew, and when they knew it, to 

 quote a phrase that's recently been in the news again. 



I thank you both for being here. And I want to recognize any 

 other members who want to make any other comments. Mr. Bliley? 



Mr. Bliley. Just clear something up for me. Dr. DeNoble, if you 

 would? In your testimony in response to my questions today, you 

 did say that nicotine as well as acetaldehyde are reinforcing 

 agents, but you also testified that nicotine is not addictive, I be- 

 lieve, is that right? 



Mr. DeNoble. No, sir, that is not correct. What I said was that 

 from an animal study you can't infer addiction. I do think that here 

 is a preponderance of evidence that has come about in the last 14 

 years to show that nicotine is an addictive substance in humans. 



Our data, back in 1982, 1983, and 1984, suggested that from rat 

 studies, but you cannot prove addiction in a rat, but you can say 

 you need to look further. 



Mr. Bliley. And that was the same thing for acetaldehyde? 



Mr. DeNoble. That is correct. 



Mr. Bliley. I see. Thank you very much. 



Mr. DeNoble. You're welcome, sir. 



Mr. Waxman. Thank you, Mr. Bliley. 



Mr. Wyden, anything further? 



Mr. Wyden. On that last point, you are saying you can't prove 

 addiction in people by tests on animals, but you certainly can sur- 

 mise that there is information there that ought to be pursued to 

 determine whether, in fact, addiction is a reality? 



Mr. DeNoble. Yes. That's a real strong indicator. 



Mr. Waxman. Let me indicate again the quote from Dr. Ellis, 

 who testified before us. And she said that to her knowledge there 

 is no evidence that nicotine or cigarette smoking plays in any of 

 these definitions, and she was referring — let me read the whole 

 quote: 



"The strict pharmacological definition of addiction involves three 

 different criteria. They are intoxication, physical dependence, and 

 tolerance. And to my knowledge there is no evidence that nicotine 

 or cigarette smoking plays in any of these definitions." 



