369 



With these qualifications, we are providing in the boxes marked "Box 1" and "Box 

 2" copies of over 375 publications resulting from Council-funded research that could 

 be considered to indicate that tobacco use may increase the likelihood of developing 

 diseases or conditions that have been associated with smoking. (These documents 

 were selected from the Council's files of publications resulting from Council grants. 

 Those files are not complete since not all publications have been provided by the 

 researcher or located in the Council.) We have used our best efforts to compile for 

 the subcommittee a complete set of such publications, in light of the difficulties re- 

 ferred to above. In addition, in order to reduce the burden on the subcommittee, we 

 are not providing copies of publications that simply rely on or refer to previous re- 

 search findings associating smoking and diseases, and in a number of instances we 

 are not providing copies of publications that are preliminary to, or repetitive of, pub- 

 lications that are being provided. 



Mr. Synar. Dr. Glenn, has the CTR conducted or financed any 

 research into the matter that nicotine is addictive or has an addict- 

 ive quality to it? 



Mr. Glenn. We have sponsored a very large amount of research 

 into nicotine. We have been very concerned about the question of 

 addiction. We have funded researchers who have established the 

 habituation of nicotine. We have not been able to establish addic- 

 tion. Indeed, we asked Dr. Jerome Jaffe, Director of the Addiction 

 Center at the National Institute of Drug Abuse to address our Sci- 

 entific Advisory Board on this question in 1989. Dr. Jaffe and our 

 Scientific Advisory Board had a lengthy exchange. 



Dr. Jaffe was unable to assign properties of addiction as they are 

 classically defined to nicotine. We have continued to pursue the 

 question and are doing so now. 



Indeed, a large part of this conference that is taking place here 

 in Washington today deals with nicotine and nicotinic receptors. I 

 think the committee should know that the central nervous system, 

 the function of the central nervous system and myoneural junctions 

 depend upon two sorts of chemical receptors. They are classified as 

 muscarinic and nicotinic. 



Perhaps the word "nicotinic" is unfortunate but nicotine and nic- 

 otine analogs we derive from the various foods that we eat, to say 

 nothing of nicotine that might be in tobacco is critical to normal 

 neural function in the human being. 



Mr. Synar. Just a couple things on that very one point. Dr. Jaffe 

 is a member of the National Institute on Drug Abuse that did find 

 that nicotine is addictive, is he not? 



Mr. Glenn. Dr. Jaffe is — was at the time he appeared before us 

 the Director of the Addiction Center for the National Institute of 

 Drug Abuse. 



Mr. Synar. All right. Now beyond Dr. Jaffe, let me repeat this 

 question very clearly. Have you conducted or financed research 

 that has found nicotine is addictive or has an addictive quality to 

 it? 



Mr. Glenn. We have definitely established that there is 

 habituation to the use of nicotine. We have not established addic- 

 tion. 



Mr. Synar. Will you provide for the record all of the reports and 

 studies with respect to nicotine and its addictiveness? 



Mr. Glenn. Yes, sir. 



Mr. Synar. Thank you. 



