160 



that many forests were infested (Ehrlich 1934). In many northeastern stands, the dis- 

 ease has killed more than 50 percent of the beech population (USDA 1985). Along 

 the "killing" front {smsu Shigo 1972), the disease is causing extensive mortality. 

 Beech bark disease also kills sprouts from disease-killed trees (Burkman et oL 1993). 



Natural range of beech m Sorih Amenea 



Chemical controls and detergent scrubbing have effectively controlled the scale on 

 individual trees, but such measures are cost-prohibitive in forests. The scale has several 

 natural enemies, the most prominent of which is the ladybird beetle (Oiilocorus stigma). 

 A fungus, Nematogonum ferrugineum, is a natural parasite of the Nectna fungus. The ef- 

 ficiency of this fungus, however, in curtailing the spread of the disease has not been 

 adequately evaluated. Some beech trees are resistant to scale infestation (Shigo 1964, 

 Cammermcyer 1993) and can be integrated into breeding programs. 



Dogwood Anthracnose 



The flowering and Pacific dogwoods (Camus florida and Comus nuttalUi respectively), 

 are highly valued aesthetic components of eastern and western forests. Although dog- 

 woods (Comus species) are not important as a timber species, they are important as a 

 mast supply for mammals and birds (cf. Mitchell et al 1988). The fruit is high in pro- 

 tein and is a valuable food source for many migratory birds. The leaves and twigs of 

 the dogwood provide browse for many herbivores, including deer. Fallen leaves from the 

 dogwood contain a large amount of calcium and act as a major soil builder (Hepting 

 1971). In addition, the springtime floral display has not been ignored by the commer- 

 cial nursery industry. Dogwood cultivars are extensively used in landscape plantings. 



The opportunity for viewing the natural beauty of forest dogwoods may be limited in 



